Lub ntsej muag tam sim no ntawm noob neej yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg cov pab pawg thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev nthuav dav tshwj xeeb lom neeg hom - tib neeg haiv neeg. Nws yog xav tias lawv tsim tau pib tshwm sim 30-40 txhiab xyoo dhau los, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg hauv thaj chaw tshiab. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, lawv thawj pab pawg tau tsiv tawm ntawm thaj av niaj hnub Madagascar mus rau South Asia, tom qab ntawd Australia, me ntsis tom qab mus rau Far East, Europe thiab America. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua rau muaj kev sib tw thawj zaug uas txhua qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov neeg tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm, nws yuav raug txiav txim siab uas cov haiv neeg tseem ceeb yog qhov txawv ntawm homo sapiens (tus txiv neej tsim nyog), lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab nta.
Meaning of haiv
Txhawm rau suav cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, haiv neeg yog keeb kwm tsim los ntawm cov neeg uas muaj lub cev zoo sib xws (cov tawv nqaij, qauv thiab xim plaub hau, pob txha taub hau, thiab lwm yam), lub hauv paus chiv keeb uas cuam tshuam. nrog ib cheeb tsam thaj chaw. Lub sijhawm tam sim no kev sib raug zoo ntawm haiv neeg rau thaj chaw tsis yog ib txwm pom meej txaus, tab sis nws yeej muajib qhov chaw nyob deb dhau los.
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus "haiv neeg" tsis tau txhais tau zoo, tab sis tau muaj kev sib cav ntau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, thawj lub sij hawm yog ambiguous thiab conditional. Muaj kev xav tias lo lus sawv cev rau kev hloov kho ntawm Arabic lexeme ras - taub hau lossis pib. Tseem muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ntseeg tias lo lus no yuav cuam tshuam nrog Italian razza, uas txhais tau tias "ib pawg neeg". Interestingly, nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub kev txiav txim zoo, lo lus no yog thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm tus Fabkis traveler thiab philosopher Francois Bernier. Xyoo 1684, nws muab ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev faib tawm ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg loj.
Kev cais haiv neeg
Kev sim muab tso ua ke ib daim duab qhia txog tib neeg haiv neeg tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Lawv tau txheeb xyuas plaub hom neeg raws li lawv cov tawv nqaij xim: dub, daj, dawb, thiab liab. Thiab rau lub sij hawm ntev no kev faib ntawm noob neej tseem pheej. Tus txiv neej Fabkis txoj Francois Bernier tau sim muab kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib tw ntawm cov haiv neeg tseem ceeb hauv xyoo pua 17th. Tab sis ntau ua tiav thiab tsim tshuab tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv lub xyoo pua 20th.
Nws paub tias tsis muaj kev lees paub dav dav, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv yog cov xwm txheej zoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv anthropological feem ntau xa mus rau Ya. Roginsky thiab M. Levin. Lawv tau txheeb xyuas peb haiv neeg loj, uas nyob rau hauv lem muab faib ua me me: Caucasoid (Eurasian), Mongoloid thiab Negro-Australoid (Equatorial). Thaum tsim qhov kev faib tawm no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau coj mus rau hauv tus accountmorphological zoo sib xws, geographical faib ntawm haiv neeg thiab lub sij hawm ntawm lawv tsim.
yam ntxwv haiv neeg
Classic haiv neeg yam ntxwv yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug complex ntawm lub cev nta uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov tsos ntawm ib tug neeg thiab nws lub cev. Cov xim thiab cov duab ntawm lub qhov muag, lub qhov ntswg thiab daim di ncauj, pigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov plaub hau, cov duab ntawm lub pob txha taub hau yog thawj haiv neeg. Kuj tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv me me xws li lub cev, qhov siab thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv view ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yog heev variable thiab nyob ntawm seb ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, lawv tsis siv nyob rau hauv haiv neeg science. Kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm ib qho lossis lwm yam kev vam meej, yog li lawv tsim ntau qhov sib xyaw. Tab sis nws yog cov yam ntxwv ruaj khov uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv haiv neeg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim loj (piv txwv li), thaum cov haiv neeg me yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntau dua.
Yog li, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm ib haiv neeg suav nrog morphological, anatomical thiab lwm yam nta uas muaj qhov muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig.
Caucasian haiv neeg
Yuav luag 45% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pejxeem yog Caucasians. Qhov kev tshawb pom thaj chaw ntawm Asmeskas thiab Australia tau tso cai rau nws nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog nyob hauv Europe, African Mediterranean thiab sab hnub poob Asia.
Nyob hauv pawg Caucasoid, kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- meejprofiler;
- pigmentation ntawm cov plaub hau, tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag los ntawm lightest mus darkest ntxoov;
- ncaj lossis wavy cov plaub hau;
- daim di ncauj nruab nrab lossis nyias;
- qhov ntswg nqaim, muaj zog lossis me ntsis tawm ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm lub ntsej muag;
- tsis muaj zog tsim crease ntawm daim tawv muag sab sauv;
- tsim lub cev plaub hau;
- tes loj thiab ko taw.
Cov haiv neeg Caucasian txawv ntawm ob ceg loj - sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Sab qaum teb ceg yog sawv cev los ntawm Scandinavians, Icelanders, Irish, British, Finns thiab lwm yam. Sab Qab Teb - Spanish, Italians, yav qab teb Fabkis, Portuguese, Iranians, Azerbaijanis thiab lwm yam. Txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv pigmentation ntawm lub qhov muag, tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau.
Mongoloid haiv neeg
Kev tsim ntawm pawg Mongoloid tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho. Raws li qee qhov kev xav, haiv neeg tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm Asia, nyob rau hauv lub Gobi suab puam, uas yog txawv los ntawm nws hnyav sharply continental huab cua. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg no feem ntau muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab hloov tau zoo rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv huab cua.
Cov cim ntawm haiv neeg Mongoloid:
- xim av lossis dub ob lub qhov muag nrog slanting thiab nqaim slit;
- dai daim tawv muag sab sauv;
- dav qhov ntswg thiab daim di ncauj nruab nrab;
- tawv nqaij ntawm daj mus rau xim av;
- ncaj coarse dub plaub hau;
- muaj kev tiv thaiv cheekbones;
- hnyav lub cev plaub hau tsis muaj zog.
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Cov haiv neeg Mongoloid tau muab faib ua ob ceg: sab qaum teb Mongoloids (Kalmykia, Buryatia, Yakutia, Tuva) thiab cov neeg yav qab teb (Nyiv, cov neeg nyob hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb, South Tuam Tshoj). Cov haiv neeg Mongols tuaj yeem ua tus sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm pawg Mongoloid.
Negro-Australoid haiv neeg
Cov haiv neeg Equatorial (los yog Negro-Australoid) yog ib pawg neeg coob uas ua rau 10% ntawm tib neeg. Nws suav nrog pab pawg Negroid thiab Australoid, uas feem ntau nyob hauv Oceania, Australia, thaj chaw sov ntawm Africa thiab hauv thaj tsam ntawm South thiab Southeast Asia.
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm haiv neeg, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau xav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho cov pej xeem hauv huab cua kub thiab av noo:
- dub pigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij, plaub hau thiab ob lub qhov muag;
- cov plaub hau curly lossis wavy;
- nose wide, me protruding;
- daim di ncauj tuab nrog cov hnoos qeev tseem ceeb;
- txhob ntsej muag.
Cov haiv neeg tau muab faib ua ob pawg - sab hnub tuaj (Pacific, Australian thiab Asian pab pawg) thiab sab hnub poob (pab pawg African).
haiv neeg me
Cov haiv neeg tseem ceeb, uas tib neeg tau ua tiav zoo rau txhua lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ceg mus rau hauv cov mosaic nyuaj ntawm cov tib neeg - haiv neeg me (lossis haiv neeg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib ob). Anthropologists paub qhov txawv ntawm 30 mus rau 50 pawg xws li. Cov haiv neeg Caucasoid muaj cov hauv qab no: Dawb Hiav Txwv-B altic, Atlanto-B altic,Middle European, Balkan-Caucasian (Ponto-Zagros) thiab Indo-Mediterranean.
Pab pawg Mongoloid txawv: Far Eastern, South Asian, North Asian, Arctic thiab Asmeskas hom. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kawg ntawm lawv, hauv qee qhov kev faib tawm, suav tias yog ib haiv neeg loj loj. Nyob rau niaj hnub no cov teb chaws Asia, Far Eastern (Koreans, Japanese, Suav) thiab South Asian (Javanese, Probes, Malays) hom muaj ntau tshaj.
Cov pej xeem equatorial tau muab faib ua rau pawg me: African Negroids yog sawv cev los ntawm Negro, Central African thiab Bushman haiv neeg, Oceanian Australoids yog Veddoid, Melanesian thiab Australian (hauv kev faib cais nws tau muab tso rau hauv haiv neeg tseem ceeb).
kev sib tw
Dhau li ntawm kev sib tw thib ob, kuj tseem muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov pej xeem thaum ub nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw huab cua, los ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv, lossis tshwm sim thaum tsiv mus nyob deb, thaum tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej tshiab.
Yog li, muaj Euro-Mongoloid, Euro-Negroid thiab Euro-Mongol-Negroid sub-races. Piv txwv li, pawg Laponoid muaj cov cim ntawm peb haiv neeg tseem ceeb: prognathism, lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, cov plaub hau mos, thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo li no yog cov neeg Finno-Permian. Los yog Ural sib xyaw haiv neeg, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm Caucasoid thiab Mongoloid pejxeem. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: cov plaub hau ncaj ncaj, nruab nrabdaim tawv nqaij pigmentation, xim av ob lub qhov muag, nruab nrab hairline. Tshaj tawm feem ntau hauv Western Siberia.
Npaj qhov tseeb
- Txog xyoo pua 20th, tsis muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg Negroid hauv tebchaws Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thaum lub sij hawm kev koom tes nrog cov teb chaws tsim, muaj txog 70 txhiab tus dub tseem nyob.
- Tsuas yog ib haiv neeg Caucasian muaj peev xwm tsim cov lactase thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, uas koom nrog kev nqus cov mis nyuj. Hauv lwm haiv neeg loj, qhov peev xwm no tsuas yog pom thaum yau xwb.
- Kev tshawb fawb txog noob caj noob ces tau txiav txim siab tias cov neeg tawv nqaij tawv ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Russia muaj li 47.5% ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab tsuas yog 52.5% ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe.
- Ntau tus neeg uas txheeb xyuas lawv tus kheej tias cov neeg Asmeskas dawb huv muaj cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob sab Europe. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov neeg nyob sab Europe tej zaum yuav nrhiav tau Native Americans los yog Africans nyob rau hauv lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv.
- DNA ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, tsis hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm sab nraud (cov tawv nqaij, cov plaub hau kev ntxhib los mos), yog 99.9% tib yam, yog li ntawd, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb caj ces, lub tswv yim uas twb muaj lawm ntawm "haiv neeg" ua rau tsis nkag siab.
