Yuav ua li cas rau cov atom ntawm cov ntsiab lus thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg? Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom yog dab tsi? Ib lo lus teb tuaj yeem muab rau ob qho ntawm cov lus nug no: yog vim li cas nyob hauv cov qauv ntawm lub zog sab nraud ntawm lub atom. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab nrhiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov theem sab nrauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom.
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm electrons
Thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim ntawm cov molecules ntawm ob lossis ntau dua reagents, kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov atoms, thaum lawv cov nuclei tseem tsis hloov. Ua ntej, cia peb paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm electrons nyob rau theem ntawm lub atom feem ntau nyob deb ntawm lub nucleus. Cov khoom uas tsis zoo raug them yog teem rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm qhov deb ntawm lub nucleus thiab los ntawm ib leeg. Qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus qhov twg electrons feem ntau yuav pomhu ua electron orbital. Txog 90% ntawm cov huab cua tsis zoo yog condensed hauv nws. Lub electron nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub atom nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm duality, nws muaj peev xwm ib txhij coj ob qho tib si raws li ib tug particle thiab raws li ib tug nthwv dej.
Txoj cai rau sau lub plhaub hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom
Tus naj npawb ntawm lub zog qhov twg cov khoom nyob yog sib npaug rau tus naj npawb ntawm lub sijhawm uas lub caij nyob. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qhia li cas? Nws muab tawm hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub sab nrauv lub zog theem rau s- thiab p-cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab subgroups ntawm me me thiab loj lub sij hawm sib raug rau cov pab pawg neeg tooj. Piv txwv li, lithium atoms ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg, uas muaj ob txheej, muaj ib tug electron nyob rau hauv lub plhaub txheej. Sulfur atoms muaj rau electrons nyob rau theem kawg ntawm lub zog, txij li thaum lub caij yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab subgroup ntawm lub thib rau pab pawg neeg, thiab lwm yam. Yog hais tias peb tham txog d-cov ntsiab lus, ces cov nram qab no txoj cai muaj nyob rau lawv: tus naj npawb ntawm cov sab nraud tsis zoo hais. yog 1 (rau chromium thiab tooj liab) los yog 2. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias raws li tus nqi ntawm cov nucleus ntawm atoms nce, lub sab hauv d-sublevel yog thawj zaug puv thiab cov qib zog sab nraud tseem tsis hloov.
Vim li cas cov khoom ntawm lub sijhawm me me hloov pauv?
Hauv cov txheej txheem ntu ntu, ntu 1, 2, 3 thiab 7 suav tias yog me me. Ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom raws li cov nqi hluav taws xob nce ntxiv, pib los ntawm cov hlau nquag thiab xaus nrog cov pa roj inert, tau piav qhia los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm cov hluav taws xob nyob rau sab nraud. Thawj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv xws li lub sij hawm yog cov uas nws atoms tsuas muaj ib los yogob lub electrons uas yooj yim tawg tawm ntawm lub nucleus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug zoo them hlau ion yog tsim.
Amphoteric ntsiab, xws li txhuas lossis zinc, ua rau lawv lub zog sab nraud nrog me me ntawm electrons (1 rau zinc, 3 rau txhuas). Nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom siv hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Cov ntsiab lus tsis yog xim hlau ntawm lub sijhawm me me muaj 4 txog 7 qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm lawv cov atoms thiab ua kom tiav rau ib qho octet, nyiam cov electrons los ntawm lwm cov atoms. Piv txwv li, ib qho tsis yog hlau nrog lub siab tshaj plaws electronegativity Performance index - fluorine, muaj 7 electrons nyob rau hauv lub xeem txheej thiab ib txwm siv ib tug electron tsis tsuas yog los ntawm hlau, tab sis kuj los ntawm active non-metallic ntsiab: oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen. Lub sijhawm me me kawg, nrog rau cov loj loj, nrog cov roj tsis muaj zog, uas nws cov molecules monatomic muaj cov qib zog sab nraud ua tiav tag nrho txog 8 electrons.
Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv ntawm atoms ntawm lub sijhawm loj
Txawm cov kab ntawm 4, 5, thiab 6 lub sijhawm muaj cov ntsiab lus uas nws lub plhaub sab nrauv tuaj yeem tuav tau ib lossis ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob xwb. Raws li peb tau hais ua ntej lawm, lawv sau cov d- lossis f- sublevels ntawm txheej penultimate nrog electrons. Feem ntau cov no yog cov khoom siv hlau. Lawv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg hloov maj mam. Cov kab khib nyiab muaj xws li cov ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv uas lub zog sab nraud muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raws li cov qauv hauv qab no: hlau - amphoteric element - non-metals - inert gas. Peb twb tau pom nws qhov tshwm sim hauv txhua lub sijhawm me me. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug khib series ntawm 4 lub sij hawm, tooj liab yog ib tug hlau, zinc yog ib tug amphoterene, ces los ntawm gallium mus rau bromine, non-metallic zog yog txhim khu kev qha. Lub sijhawm xaus nrog krypton, cov atoms uas muaj lub plhaub hluav taws xob ua tiav tiav.
Yuav piav qhia kev faib cov ntsiab lus li cas rau hauv pawg?
Txhua pawg - thiab muaj yim ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv luv luv ntawm lub rooj, kuj tau muab faib ua pawg, hu ua lub ntsiab thiab theem nrab. Qhov kev faib tawm no qhia txog cov haujlwm sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau sab nraud lub zog ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Nws muab tawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab subgroups, piv txwv li, lithium, sodium, poov tshuaj, rubidium thiab cesium, lub xeem electron nyob rau hauv lub s-sublevel. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg 7 ntawm pawg loj (halogens) sau lawv cov p-sublevel nrog cov khoom tsis zoo.
Rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg theem nrab, xws li chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, sau cov d-sublevel nrog cov hluav taws xob yuav raug. Thiab rau cov ntsiab lus suav nrog hauv tsev neeg ntawm lanthanides thiab actinides, tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov nqi tsis zoo tshwm sim ntawm f-sublevel ntawm lub zog penultimate. Ntxiv mus, pawg naj npawb, raws li txoj cai, coincides nrog cov xov tooj ntawm electrons muaj peev xwm tsim tshuaj bonds.
Nyob hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb pom tias cov qauv ntawm sab nraud lub zog ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab txiav txim siab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sib cuam tshuam.
