Raws li ib qho ntawm cov kev faib tawm siv los piav txog cov txheej txheem tshuaj, muaj ob hom kev tawm tsam - thim rov qab thiab
irreversible. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab tsis mus rau qhov ua tiav, i.e. tsis muaj ib yam ntawm cov tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv nws tag nrho noj thiab tsis hloov cov concentration. Cov txheej txheem no xaus nrog kev tsim kom muaj kev sib npaug lossis tshuaj lom neeg sib npaug, uas yog qhia los ntawm ⇌. Tab sis qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab rov qab mus, tsis tas yuav tsum nres, yog li qhov sib npaug yog hu ua dynamic lossis mobile. Qhov pib ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau pem hauv ntej tshwm sim ntawm tib tus nqi (V1) raws li qhov thim rov qab (V2), V1 \u003d V2. Yog tias lub siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias tsis tu ncua, ces qhov sib npaug hauv qhov system tuaj yeem nyob mus ib txhis.
Quantitatively, cov tshuaj sib npaug yog piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug tas li, uas yog sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ncaj (K1) thiab thim rov qab (K2) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog cov qauv: K=K1 / K2. Cov ntsuas ntawm qhov sib npaug tas li yuav nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov reactants thiabQhov kub thiab txias.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug tshwm sim raws li Le Chatelier lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, uas suab zoo li no: "Yog hais tias sab nraud yam ua rau lub cev muaj qhov sib npaug, ces qhov nyiaj tshuav yuav cuam tshuam thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev coj ua. qhov kev hloov no."
Cia peb xav txog cov tshuaj sib npaug thiab cov xwm txheej rau nws qhov kev hloov pauv siv piv txwv ntawm kev tsim cov ammonia molecule: N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + Q.
Xav txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, peb tsim:
- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw, vim los ntawm 2 yam yooj yim, 1 complex (ammonia) yog tsim, thiab rov qab - decomposition;
- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha pib nrog kev tsim cov cua sov, yog li nws yog exothermic, yog li ntawd, qhov thim rov qab yog endothermic thiab pib nrog kev nqus cua sov.
Tam sim no xav txog qhov sib npaug no raws li kev hloov kho qee yam tsis muaj:
- Hloov hauv kev xav. Yog tias peb nce cov concentration ntawm cov khoom pib - nitrogen thiab hydrogen - thiab txo cov ammonia, ces qhov sib npaug yuav hloov mus rau sab xis los tsim NH3. Yog tias koj xav tau txav mus rau sab laug, nce qhov concentration ntawm ammonia.
- Qhov kub nce ntxiv yuav txav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas cov cua sov nqus tau, thiab thaum nws qis dua, nws raug tso tawm. Yog li ntawd, yog tias qhov kub thiab txias tau nce thaum lub sij hawm synthesis ntawm ammonia, ces qhov sib npaug yuav hloov mus rau cov khoom pib, i.e. mus rau sab laug, thiab nrog qhov kub thiab txias - mus rau sab xis, ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv.
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Yog koj ncesiab, ces qhov sib npaug yuav hloov mus rau sab uas cov roj gaseous tsawg dua, thiab nrog kev txo qis hauv siab - mus rau sab qhov twg cov pa roj ntau ntxiv. Hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm NH3 los ntawm 4 mol ntawm N2 thiab 3H2, 2 NH3 tau txais. Yog li ntawd, yog tias lub siab nce, ces qhov sib npaug yuav txav mus rau sab xis, mus rau qhov tsim ntawm NH3. Yog tias lub siab txo qis, ces qhov sib npaug yuav hloov mus rau cov khoom qub.
chemical equilibrium thiab tej yam kev mob rau nws txoj kev tsiv
Peb xaus tias cov tshuaj sib npaug tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nce lossis txo:
- temperature;
- siab;
- kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj.
Thaum lub catalyst tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov nyiaj tshuav tsis hloov, piv txwv li. chemical equilibrium tsis cuam tshuam.
