Tib neeg feem ntau tig mus rau kev hais lus hauv ob qhov xwm txheej: thaum kawm ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Kev Kawm Lus thiab hauv kev sim pab lawv tus menyuam ua ntawv tom tsev. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm formative suffixes suav hais tias tsis yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Ib daim ntawv teev npe loj ntawm morphemes ntawm ib qho cursory glance ntawm nws tsis qhia meej meej. Zoo li nws tau muab sau ua ke. Thiab txawm tias qhov kev xav tshwm sim hais tias ib tug neeg tuaj nrog lub ntsiab lus no rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tso dag thiab tsis tshua nkag siab nws tus kheej. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Qhov tseeb, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov lus thiab cov ntsiab lus yog qhov nthuav thiab yooj yim to taub.
Definition of concepts
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog txhais tau tias txhua yam ua tau kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem hauv lawv.
Yog li, lub ntsiab lus yog qhov hloov kho ntawm lo lus, sawv nruab nrab ntawm qhov xaus thiab lub qia (lossis lwm cov lus tom qab). Qhov morpheme no ua haujlwm los tsim cov lus tshiab lossis lawv cov ntawv. Suffixes (raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hais lus) feem ntau yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus inflectional. Hauv linguistics, lo lus "affix" kuj siv, uas, qhov tseeb,tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum cov ntsiab lus no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem, vim lwm cov morphemes tseem hu ua affixes, tshwj tsis yog qhov kawg, tsim lwm hom lus thiab hom lus. Muaj ob peb hom lus, tab sis peb tsuas yog txaus siab rau ob, vim lawv muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg.
A derivational suffix yog morpheme, lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm lub npe. Nws pab tsim cov lus tshiab. Thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, nyob rau hauv lem, pab tsim tsis yog lo lus tshiab, tab sis, raws li yog tseem meej los ntawm lub npe, nws cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, ntau yam variations ntawm ib lo lus uas twb muaj lawm.
Nws tseem ceeb heev kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam ob.
Ib yam nthuav los ntawm txoj kev xav
Qhov tseeb, qhov nyuaj ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus xaus yog nyob rau hauv kev ua tsis ncaj ncees rau ib qho kev cai thiab tsis muaj ib qho system li ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov tsis tu ncua, lawv tsuas yog tsis suav nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev kawm vim lawv tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Nws yuav zoo li tias qhov kev txiav txim siab yog qhov tseeb, vim tias cov neeg uas txaus siab rau lub ntsiab lus no tseem yuav txhim kho lawv tus kheej hauv txoj kev no. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau qhov tsis sib xws, uas yog vim li cas cov menyuam yaus hauv kev kawm ntxiv tsuas yog cim tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, lossis tsuas yog sau thiab ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.
Rau ntau, nws yuav yog qhov kev tshawb pom tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho lus kawg hauv ib lo lus nyob ntawm nws cov khoom, ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Qee tus ntawm lawv tsuas yog siv rau cov lus qhia, qee qhov - tsuas yog rau cov npe, qee qhov qhia txog lub cev, thiab qee qhov - yam ntxwv. Suffixes txawv ntawm lawvkom muaj nuj nqis: qee qhov muaj ntau, thiab qee qhov muaj nyob hauv ib qho version xwb.
Hais txog lub sijhawm kawg, yuav tsum tau hais txog ob pawg uas txhua qhov kev sib txuas tuaj yeem faib tau. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas nquag tsim cov lus thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov lus kawg tuag, uas tsuas yog txiav txim siab nrog kev tshuaj xyuas tob.
Cov lus kawg ntawm cov lus qhia
Cia peb xav txog lawv kom meej ntxiv. Piv txwv ntawm formative suffixes yog dav pom nyob rau hauv verbs. Piv txwv li, los tsim kev sib txawv tenses lossis kev xav, infinitives, thiab lwm yam. Qee qhov piv txwv tuaj yeem pom hauv cov lus no:
| Suffixes for forming infinitive forms | -th, -ty, -ch (hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv hauv Lavxias, cov lus xaus no suav tias yog qhov xaus, tab sis feem ntau qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nyob rau theem ntawd lub tswv yim ntawm "suffix suffix") |
| Suffixes for forming past tense forms | -l-, qee zaum xoom suffix |
| Suffixes for form forms of the imperative mood | -thiab-, -te- |
Yog li no, ntawm no yog cov lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Yog tsis pom nws, tib neeg feem ntau siv lawv. Verbs yog feem ntau siv ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias. Thiab affixes nyob rau hauv lawv yog tsim nyog los diversify hais lus.
Nws kuj nthuav tias tsis yog qhov kawg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog xoomlus.
Tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov koom nrog thiab koom ua ke
Nyob hauv qee phau ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv no raug kho raws li kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus qhia, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo dua los qhia lawv hauv kab lus cais. Yog li, cov npe ntawm cov lus xaus rau cov koom nrog thiab cov koom nrog:
| Suffixes for forming participles | -vsh-, -sh-, -usch / yushch, -ash / box, -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -om / em, -im-, -vsh-, -sh -, -usch / yusch, -ash / box, -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ohm / noj, -im-, thiab lwm yam |
| Suffixes for the formation of gerunds | -in, -shi, -lice-, -uchi/yuchi, -a/ya, thiab lwm yam |
Gerential participles thiab participles tau siv tsawg dua li cov lus qhia, tab sis txawm li cas los xij cov lus sau saum toj no tseem siv ntau zaus.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus xaus hauv cov lus hais
Kev ua cov lus xaus hauv cov lus qhia yog qhia hauv kev tsim cov ntawv sib piv yooj yim thiab cov ntawv yooj yim superlative. Cov suffixes -e-/-ee (-s), -she, -zhe xa mus rau qhov yooj yim degree ntawm kev sib piv, thiab cov affix -eysh-/-aysh- mus rau superlative.
Suffixes hauv noun
Cov ntawv noun yog tsim los siv cov npe luv luv ntawm cov lus xaus.
Cov xwm txheej ntau thiab tsis ncaj yog tsim los ntawm cov ntawv txuas -es-, -er-, -en-, -yat- thiab lwm yam. Ib qho ntawm cov lus xaus rau kev tsim cov lus qhia yog -in-.
Yuav kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus zoo dua, ua tib zoo mloog cov lus nrog kev tsim qauvsuffixes:
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau qhov tsis muaj tseeb | Saib, coj, ua tau |
| Piv txwv ntawm cov lus xaus rau yav dhau los | Saib, skewers |
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau lub siab xav | mus sau |
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau cov neeg koom | Saib, sau, pom, nyeem, thiab lwm yam. |
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau qhov kev sib piv | Zoo, muaj zog, loj dua |
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau cov lus tshaj tawm | |
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau ntau tus lej ntawm tus lej | |
| Piv txwv rau cov lus xaus rau cov lus ntawm lub npe | Citizen |
Ib txhia yuam kev txog cov lus xaus
Qhov xav tau kom paub txog ntau hom morphemes, suav nrog cov lus sau ua ntej, tau piav qhia los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov dej num ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Qhov no yog hais txog morphemic tsom xam ntawm lo lus. Qhov yuam kev tseem ceeb ntawm txoj hauj lwm no yog txuas nrog cov affixes. Piv txwv li, qee cov ntawv sau ntxiv tau ntxiv rau qhov xaus thiab cov hauv paus hniav. Lwm qhov yuam kev yog folding ob affixes rau hauv ib qho - rau qhov no nws yog heevNws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm cov morphemes.
Koj kuj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txhua yam kev ua morphemes, suav nrog cov lus tom qab, tsis suav nrog lub qia ntawm lo lus. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim tias nws yog lwm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg uas cov tub ntxhais kawm ua thaum ntsuas ib lo lus rau hauv morphemes.
How is it in English?
Tsis zoo li cov lus Lavxias, lus Askiv muaj tsawg dua cov lus xaus. Tsuas muaj tsib ntawm lawv, thiab lawv txhua tus tau piav qhia hauv cov lus no:
| Suffix -ed | Suffix uas tsim qhov yooj yim, tsis tu ncua, zoo meej yav dhau los tense, as well as participles |
| Suffixes -s/es | Suffix siv los ua qhov yooj yim tam sim no tense ntawm verb thiab plural ntawm noun |
| Suffix -ing | A suffix forming a gerund (a verbal form meaning an action as an object), uas yog siv los tsim cov ntawv txuas mus ntxiv yav dhau los, tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej |
| Suffix -er | Suffix tsim qhov kev sib piv qib ntawm ib qho adjective |
| Suffix -est | A superlative adjective suffix |
Tej yam muaj ntau qhov nyuaj nrog cov lus xaus. Muaj ntau ntau ntawm lawv, yog li nco ntsoov lawv muaj teeb meem me ntsis.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov lus sau ua lus feem ntau siv nrog cov lus qhia thiab cov npe, uas txawv ntawm Lavxias. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm kev koom nrog cov lus rau ntau pawg.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus lus tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov lus xaus, txawm hais tias nws yog voluminous, yog tib lub sij hawm tsis nyuaj li nws zoo nkaus li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Linguistics thiab linguistics yog tsim nyog tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Kws qhia ntawv ntawm txawv teb chaws lus thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm ntawm txoj kev xav thiab kev xyaum ntawm lo lus tsim. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus xaus tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig suav tias yog thaum ntxov hauv tsev kawm ntawv, vim tias txawm tias tus menyuam tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov teeb meem no. Tej zaum nws yuav zoo li chaotic, tab sis leej twg tuaj yeem kawm tag nrho cov npe loj thiab coj txawv txawv uas yuav los ua ke tom qab.
