Cov neeg nyob thoob plaws tebchaws Russia muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj yeeb yuj. Ib tug ntawm lawv - Chukchi - yog ob zaug nthuav. Cov no yog cov neeg nyob hauv huab cua hnyav nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws, muaj lawv tus kheej txoj kev ua neej thiab lus tshwj xeeb. Thiab nws yog hais txog lawv hom lus uas koj yuav kawm los ntawm kab lus no.
Tswv Ntuj
Chukotka, lossis zoo dua, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug yog ib qho kev kawm ntawm Lavxias Federation, thiab nws nyob hauv Far Eastern Federal District. Qhov no yog thaj chaw loj heev thiab kaw nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws, nws tsis tuaj yeem mus rau qhov ntawd zoo li ntawd: tus neeg taug kev yuav tsum tau txais daim ntawv tso cai tshwj xeeb nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Chukotka. Hauv tag nrho, kwv yees li 50,000 tus neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov ncauj lus no, thiab lawv feem ntau hais lus Chukchi.
Lus North
Cov lus Chukchi tau hais tsis yog hauv Autonomous Okrug nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hauv Magadan, Kamchatka thiab Yakutia. Raws li kev suav pej xeem zaum kawg, kwv yees li 16,000 tus neeg hu lawv tus kheej Chukchi, ib nrab ntawm lawv suav tias yog Chukchi lawv hom lus, thiabib feem me ntawm Chukchi hais lus ntawm lawv cov neeg, tab sis tsis txhob xav txog nws lawv hom lus.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov lus Chukchi yog ib hom lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia. Nws tau hais los ntawm tib phau ntawv qhia Chukchi uas ua rau lub neej kaw cov haiv neeg thiab koom nrog kev yug tsiaj nyeg. Hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv zos, cov lus no tau qhia ua ib qho kev kawm, thaum kev qhia nws tus kheej yog ua hauv Lavxias, qhov tseeb, zoo li txhua qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam.
Keeb kwm ntawm Chukchi lus thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob
Tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias Lavxias Vladimir Germanovich Bogoraz tau koom nrog hauv kev kawm tob ntawm Chukchi lus. Nws txoj haujlwm yog suav tias yog qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov so: Bogoraz tau luam tawm phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Chukchi lus, sau cov qauv sau ntawv, rau siab kawm Chukchi lus dab neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog nws txoj haujlwm nkaus xwb, vim tias Vladimir Germanovich feem ntau koom nrog kev kawm ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb ntawm Russia.
Feem ntau, thawj cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus Chukchi tau pib ntev ua ntej thawj zaug tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Bogoraz. Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum Lavxias teb sab pioneers pib tshawb txog lub tundra thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm thaj chaw no. Tom qab tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam nrog Chukchi, maj mam qhia cov neeg no mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev ua ub no ntawm lub xeev tswj hwm ntawm Russia pib tshwm sim. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Chukchi toponyms tau tshwm sim. Txawm tias tom qab ntawd, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau pib kawm los ntawm cov lus Chukchi, cov lus dab neeg hauv zos thiab haiv neeg, thiab qhov zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim.nrog cov lus Koryak.
Yog li, los ntawm 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, ib hom lus tau tshwm sim, uas Chukchi paj huam thiab prose tau luam tawm. Cov lus txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab nyob hauv lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog. Lub sijhawm no, kev ua haujlwm loj ntawm cov neeg txhais lus thiab cov neeg kho tau nthuav tawm, pab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus, txhim kho nws kev sau ntawv.
Los ntawm 90s, phau ntawv tshwj xeeb rau kev kawm cov lus ntawm thaj chaw nyob deb sab qaum teb no, cov phau ntawv qhia rau cov tub ntxhais kawm theem pib, theem nrab thiab theem siab raug tsim, cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv tau raug muab txhais ua lus Chukchi. Tam sim no, nws tau qhia nyob rau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Anadyr thiab Magadan ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov neeg ntawm Far North thiab Pedagogy.
About dialects of the Chukchi language
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov lus no tau xyaum zoo ib yam hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Autonomous Okrug: txawm hais tias cov lus muaj nyob, qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb.
Tseem faib cov lus sab hnub tuaj, sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb. Thawj ntawm lawv tseem hu ua Uelen, thiab nws tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau tag nrho cov lus Chukchi. Cov lus sab qab teb muaj lub npe thib ob "Kolima". Nws yog kev cai hais txog nws tag nrho cov lus: Khatyr, Nunligran thiab Enmylin. Nws yog cov lus sab qab teb uas ze tshaj rau cov lus Koryak thiab Kerek hauv morphology thiab phonetics.
Tsis tas li, cov lus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv hauv txhua hom lus. Feem ntau, txhua tus Chukchi tau txawj sau ntawv Chukchi lus, tsis hais lawv qhov chaw nyob.
AwChukchi script
Kev sau ntawv ntawm Chukchi lus tau tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, qhov twg cov tsiaj ntawv Latin tau coj los ua lub hauv paus. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo caum, cov tsiaj ntawv Latin tau hloov los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv thiab ntxiv, tab sis cov tsiaj ntawv Latin tseem "nyob" hauv hom lus rau qee lub sijhawm. Qee lub sij hawm tom qab, twb nyob rau hauv lub 50s, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic ntawm Chukchi lus tau ntxiv nrog cov cim tshiab:
- Ӄ - txhais tau hais tias lub suab uvular, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev txuas sab nraub qaum ntawm tus nplaig nrog lub palate.
- Ӈ yog lub npe hu ua posterior lingual sonant, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev tsa tus nplaig mus rau tom qab palate (rau nws qhov muag muag). Lub suab no zoo ib yam li kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab "ng" (los ntawm txoj kev, lub suab no tau tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Chukchi ua ntej).
hom lus thiab poj niam txiv neej
Muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv Chukchi lus, uas yog poj niam txiv neej. Cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej ntawm no hais txawv, vim rau cov poj niam muaj ib qho kev txwv ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov txheeb ze los ntawm tus txiv. Kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus ntawm qee cov lus hauv Chukchi lus:
- suab "r" lossis "rk", uas tuaj yeem hais tau los ntawm cov txiv neej, poj niam hloov mus rau "ts" lossis "tss". Piv txwv li, lo lus "walrus" nyob rau hauv masculine version suab "ryrki", thiab nyob rau hauv cov poj niam version - tsitsy";
- hloov tus txiv neej "ch", cov poj niam kuj hais "c".
Yog li, hauv Chukchi koj tuaj yeem ua tauqhia txog ob lub ntsiab lus - qhov no yog txiv neej thiab poj niam.
Lwm yam yam ntxwv
Chukotka yog ib hom lus sib cav, thiab cov lus ntawm no yog tsim los ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus ua ntej. Muaj ob hom lej (singular thiab plural), thiab cov npe raug tsis lees paub raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "lub npe ntawm tus neeg" thiab "lub npe ntawm tus neeg tsis yog".
Ib qho lus qhia hauv Chukchi lus yog conjugated nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: kev kawm conjugation thiab subject-object conjugation. Tsis tas li ntawd, Chukchi verb muaj peb lub siab - subjunctive, imperative thiab indicative.
Cov lus hauv kab lus tuaj yeem tso tau yooj yim, tsis muaj kev txwv nruj ntawm no.
Chukotka today
Hnub no, cov lus ntawm txhua tus Chukchi nyob hauv qhov tseem ceeb yog ib txoj hauv kev los qhia lawv tus kheej hauv kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub. Feem ntau, nws yog cov neeg laus uas hais lus, tus hluas tuav kev paub lus tsis yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg laus hauv tsev neeg (los ntawm 40 xyoo thiab ntau dua). Chukchi kuj tau hais dav dav ntawm cov neeg koom nrog cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv (reindeer yug me nyuam, hnav khaub ncaws tawv, nuv ntses, yos hav zoov).
Chukotka tau siv dav hauv cov zos ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Okrug, tab sis cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tsis tau tso tseg. Nws tau hais nyob rau hauv cov voj voog kev ua haujlwm nqaim, piv txwv li, hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kawm qib siab, kev tswj hwm, nrog rau hauv xov xwm. Cov lus nyob ua ke ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Cov phau ntawv ntawm cov lus Chukchi tau luam tawm, uas yog nquag sivsiv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos thiab cov neeg tuaj txog hauv Chukotka ntawm cov teeb meem kev lag luam.
Txij thaum kev koom ua ke nrog cov lus Lavxias ntawm Chukchi tshwm sim tom qab ntau dua li ntawm lwm cov neeg sab qaum teb ntawm Russia, lawv cov lus tau muaj sia nyob zoo thiab tseem nyob. Ntxiv rau, lub luag haujlwm loj ntawm no yog ua si los ntawm cov neeg coob coob thiab qhov ze ntawm thaj chaw. Niaj hnub no Chukchi hais lus Lavxias zoo kawg nkaus, rau ntau tus ntawm lawv yog hom lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus, tab sis lawv tsis hnov qab lawv cov hauv paus hniav, khaws cov kab lis kev cai ntawm tib neeg, thiab nrog nws cov lus.
