Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kab lis kev cai yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej biotechnology niaj hnub no, uas tuaj yeem daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov nroj tsuag physiology, biochemistry thiab noob caj noob ces. Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov khoom siv yog ua raws li qee qhov xwm txheej: ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, tswj qhov kub thiab txias thiab raug rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb.
Essence
Txoj kev ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kab lis kev cai yog lawv txoj kev khaws cia ntev thiab / lossis kev cog qoob loo hauv cov chaw kuaj mob ntawm cov khoom noj nruab nrab. Cov thev naus laus zis no tso cai rau koj los tsim cov qauv lom neeg los kawm txog ntau yam txheej txheem hauv cov hlwb uas muaj nyob sab nraum lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tib neeg thiab tsiaj.
Kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab lis kev cai yog raws li cov cuab yeej ntawm totipotency - lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlwb los txhim kho rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, qhov no yog pom tau hais tias tsuas yog nyob rau hauv fertilized qe (nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm tej hom coelenterates).
keeb kwm kev tsim kho
Thawj qhov kev sim cog cov ntaub so ntswg yog tsim los ntawm German kws tshawb fawb thaum tig ntawm 19th-20th centuries. Txawm hais tias lawv ua tsis tiav, ntau lub tswv yim tau tsim, uas tau lees paub tom qab.
Hauv xyoo 1922, W. Robbins thiab W. Kotte, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg, muaj peev xwm loj hlob cov lus qhia ntawm pob kws thiab txiv lws suav rau ntawm ib qho khoom noj khoom haus nruab nrab. Kev tshawb fawb ntxaws txog cov txheej txheem ntawm tes thiab cov nqaij mos kab lis kev cai tau pib hauv xyoo 1930s. xyoo pua 20th R. Gautre thiab F. White tau ua pov thawj tias nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau hauv cov khoom noj tshiab, lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob mus ib txhis.
Los ntawm 1959, 142 hom nroj tsuag tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. kev siv cov hlwb tawg (sib cais) kuj tau pib.
Cov ntaub ntawv xeem
Muaj 2 hom kev cog qoob loo loj:
- Tsim yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab khaws cia cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev muaj sia.
- Extract los ntawm degradation (tshuaj, enzymatic lossis mechanical) los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ib lossis ntau lub xovtooj ntawm tes.
Cov hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev cog qoob loo:
- ntawm "pub txheej", uas muaj cov khoom uas txhawb nqa cov ntaub so ntswg loj hlob yog zais los ntawm kev faib cov hlwb ntawm tib hom nroj tsuag;
- siv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ib sab ntawm cov kab mob;
- siv cov khoom noj nruab nrab los ntawm ib pawg sib cais ntawm tes;
- loj hlob ib leeg ib leeg hauv ib lub microdroplet saturated nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Kev cog qoob loo los ntawm ib lub hlwb yog fraught nrog qee yam nyuaj. Txhawm rau ua kom "yuam" lawv sib faib, lawv yuav tsum tau txais lub teeb liab los ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze, ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb.
Ib yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg rau kev tshawb fawb physiological yog callus, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo sab nraud yam (feem ntau yog txhua yam raug mob). Lawv muaj peev xwm poob cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg qub. Yog li ntawd, callus hlwb pib nquag faib thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau tsim.
Nyob rau hauv
Kev vam meej ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cell kab lis kev cai yog nyob ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- Ua raws li kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam. Rau kev hloov pauv, cov thawv tshwj xeeb nrog cov cua huv huv, nruab nrog cov teeb ci ultraviolet, yog siv. Cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv, khaub ncaws thiab tes ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum raug ua raws li aseptic.
- Ua raws li qhov kub thiab txias (18-30 ° C), teeb pom kev zoo thiab av noo (60-70%). Feem ntau cov kab mob hu ua callus yog zus nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig lub teeb vim lawv tsis muaj chloroplasts, tab sis qee cov nroj tsuag xav tau kev teeb pom kev zoo.
Y Kev siv cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov pa roj carbon thiab lub zog (feem ntau sucrose thiab qabzib), micro- thiab macronutrients, kev loj hlob regulators (auxins, cytokinins), vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic thiab pantothenic acid thiab lwm yam).).
Tam sim no npaj uakev lag luam lineups (Murasige thiab Skoog, Gamborg thiab Eveleg, Dawb, Kao thiab Mikhailyuk thiab lwm yam).
pros and cons
Qhov zoo ntawm cov cell thiab cov ntaub so ntswg kab lis kev cai yog:
- zoo rov tsim tawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau;
- kev tswj hwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tes;
- qis noj cov tshuaj reagents;
- genetic homogeneity ntawm cell kab;
- muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv tshuab ntawm cov txheej txheem loj hlob;
- control dhau lub tawb;
- kwv yees cia ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov biotechnology no yog:
- yuav tsum ua raws li cov xwm txheej nruj asepsis;
- tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom ntawm tes thiab qhov ua tau ntawm lawv qhov kev sib xyaw tsis zoo;
- nqi tshuaj lom neeg;
- tsis tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab cov hlwb hauv lub cev muaj sia.
Daim ntawv thov
Tissue kab lis kev cai siv rau kev tshawb fawb:
- txheej txheem hauv hlwb (synthesis ntawm DNA, RNA thiab cov proteins, metabolism thiab cuam tshuam rau nws nrog kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj);
- kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov cellular (kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tes, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormone-receptor complex, lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlwb ua rau ib leeg, tsim cov txheej txheem histological);
- kev cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig (kev nqus cov as-ham, kis kab mob, txheej txheem ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlobqog nqaij hlav thiab lwm yam);
- qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic manipulations nrog hlwb.
Kev cog lus thaj chaw ntawm biology thiab kws tshuaj, hauv kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv no, yog:
- tau txais cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo, cov tswj kev loj hlob rau cov qoob loo agronomic, cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg siv los tsim cov tshuaj (alkaloids, steroids thiab lwm yam);
- qhia mutagenesis, yug me nyuam ntawm cov hybrids tshiab, kov yeej postgamous incompatibility;
- clonal propagation, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais ntau cov noob caj noob ces zoo tib yam;
- yug me nyuam ntawm cov kab mob tiv thaiv thiab cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj kab mob;
- cryopreservation ntawm lub gene pas;
- tissue reconstruction, creation of stem cell sources (cov ntaub so ntswg engineering).
