Sanskrit yog ib hom lus sau thaum ub uas muaj nyob hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws muaj cov qauv sau ntawv nyuaj thiab suav hais tias yog tus progenitor ntawm ntau yam lus niaj hnub. Hauv kev txhais lus, lo lus no txhais tau tias "zoo meej" lossis "ua tiav". Nws muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm cov lus ntawm Hinduism thiab qee qhov kev ntseeg.
Kev hais lus
Cov lus Sanskrit yog thawj zaug feem ntau hais nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Is Nrias teb, yog ib hom lus rau cov ntawv pob zeb, pib txij li xyoo pua BC. Interestingly, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav tias nws yog cov lus ntawm ib tus neeg, tab sis raws li cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb uas tau tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv zej zog txij li ancient sij hawm.
Feem ntau cov kab lis kev cai no yog sawv cev los ntawm cov ntawv kev ntseeg cuam tshuam txog Hinduism, nrog rau Greek lossis Latin hauv Tebchaws Europe. Cov lus Sanskrit nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thiab cov kws tshawb fawb.
Hnub no nws yog ib qho ntawm 22 hom lus hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nws cov qauv sau ntawv yog archaic thiab complex, tab sis nws cov lus yog stylistically ntau haiv neeg thiab nplua nuj.
Cov lus Sanskrit tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau lwm yam lus Indian, feem ntau ntawm cov lus. Niaj hnub no nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas kev ntseeg, tib neeg, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim voj voog raws li ib tug kev sib tham.
Nws yog nyob rau hauv Sanskrit uas muaj ntau yam txuj ci, kev xav, kev ntseeg kev ntseeg ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Indian, ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev cai lij choj tau sau, uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm tag nrho cov Central thiab Southeast Asia, Western Europe.
Ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov lus tau sau los ntawm Indian tus kws paub lus Askiv thaum ub Panini hauv kev ua haujlwm "Eight Book". Cov no yog cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev kawm ntawm txhua yam lus, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev qhuab qhia lus thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm morphology hauv Europe.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias qhov no tsis muaj ib qho kev sau ntawv hauv Sanskrit. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tej hauj lwm ntawm kev kos duab thiab philosophical tej hauj lwm uas muaj nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tau kis tsuas yog hais lus xwb. Thiab yog tias xav tau sau cov ntawv, cov tsiaj ntawv hauv zos tau siv.
Raws li cov lus sau ntawm Sanskrit, Devanagari tau tsim tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Feem ntau, qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg Europeans, uas nyiam cov tsiaj ntawv tshwj xeeb no. Raws li cov lus pom zoo, Devanagari tau coj mus rau Is Nrias teb hauv xyoo pua 5 BC los ntawm cov tub lag luam uas tuaj ntawm Middle East. Tab sis txawm tom qab kawmkev sau ntawv, ntau tus neeg Isdias Asmesliskas txuas ntxiv nco cov ntawv hauv txoj kev qub.
Sanskrit yog hom lus ntawm kev sau ntawv monuments uas ib tus tuaj yeem tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm Is Nrias teb thaum ub. Cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws rau Sanskrit uas tau nqis los rau peb lub sijhawm yog hu ua Brahmi. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas nto moo monument ntawm ancient Indian keeb kwm hu ua "Lub Ashoka Inscriptions" yog sau tseg, uas yog 33 inscriptions carved rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov tsua, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Indian huab tais Ashoka. thiab thawj qhov pov thawj ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm Buddhism.
History of tshwm sim
Cov lus qub Sanskrit belongs rau tsev neeg Indo-European, nws suav hais tias yog ceg Indo-Iranian. Nws tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov lus Indian niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Marathi, Hindi, Kashmiri, Nepali, Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu, thiab txawm tias Romani.
Nws ntseeg tias Sanskrit yog hom qub tshaj plaws ntawm ib hom lus. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg Indo-European tsev neeg, Sanskrit tau hloov suab zoo ib yam li lwm yam lus. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias thawj cov neeg hais lus ntawm Sanskrit thaum ub tuaj rau thaj chaw ntawm Pakistan thiab Is Nrias teb thaum pib ntawm 2 xyoo txhiab BC. Ua pov thawj rau qhov kev xav no, lawv hais txog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov lus Slavic thiab B altic, nrog rau muaj kev qiv nyiaj los ntawm Finno-Ugric hom lus uas tsis koom nrog Indo-European.
Nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws paub lus Askivqhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus Lavxias thiab Sanskrit yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog. Nws ntseeg tau tias lawv muaj ntau cov lus Indo-European, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom ntawm fauna thiab flora raug xaiv. Muaj tseeb tiag, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev xav, ntseeg tias cov neeg hais lus ntawm daim ntawv ancient ntawm Indian lus Sanskrit yog cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob hauv Is Nrias teb, txuas lawv nrog Indian kev vam meej.
Lwm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "Sanskrit" yog "Indo-Aryan lus thaum ub". Nws yog rau pawg Indo-Aryan cov lus uas Sanskrit belongs rau feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Ntau yam lus tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws, uas muaj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog cov lus Iranian thaum ub.
Kev txiav txim siab yam lus twg yog Sanskrit, ntau tus neeg txhais lus tau xaus lus tias thaum ub nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Is Nrias teb niaj hnub no muaj lwm hom lus Indo-Aryan. Tsuas yog nws tuaj yeem hloov mus rau Hindi niaj hnub no ib feem ntawm nws cov lus, thiab txawm tias muaj suab npe.
zoo ib yam li Russian
Raws li ntau yam kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws qhia lus, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus Lavxias thiab Sanskrit zoo heev. Txog li 60 feem pua ntawm cov lus Sanskrit muaj tib lub suab thiab lub ntsiab lus raws li cov lus Lavxias. Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias ib tus thawj los kawm txog qhov tshwm sim no yog Natalya Guseva, Kws Kho Mob ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb, tus kws tshaj lij hauv Indian kab lis kev cai. Thaum nws nrog ib tug kws tshawb fawb Indian ntawm kev mus ncig ua si rau Lavxias North, uas qee lub sijhawm tsis kam muab kev pabcuam ntawm tus neeg txhais lus, hais tias nws zoo siab tau hnov txog kev ua neej nyob thiab dawb huv Sanskrit kom deb ntawm tsev. Txij thaum ntawd los, Guseva pib kawm qhov tshwm sim, tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev tshawb fawbqhov zoo sib xws ntawm Sanskrit thiab Lavxias teb sab lus yog pov thawj convincingly.
Ib txhia txawm ntseeg tias Lavxias teb sab qaum teb tau dhau los ua poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm noob neej. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm sab qaum teb Lavxias teb sab lus nrog cov lus qub tshaj plaws paub rau noob neej yog pov thawj los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Ib txhia hais tias Sanskrit thiab Lavxias teb sab yog ze dua li qhov nws yuav pib zoo li. Piv txwv li, lawv hais tias nws tsis yog lus Lavxias qub uas yog los ntawm Sanskrit, tab sis raws nraim qhov opposite.
Muaj ntau lo lus zoo sib xws hauv Sanskrit thiab Lavxias. Linguists nco ntsoov tias niaj hnub no, cov lus los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tau yooj yim piav qhia txog yuav luag tag nrho ntawm ib tus neeg lub hlwb ua haujlwm, nrog rau nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib puag ncig, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm txhua lub tebchaws.
Sanskrit zoo ib yam li cov lus Lavxias, tab sis, sib cav tias nws yog Cov Lus Laus Lavxias uas tau los ua tus tsim ntawm cov lus Indian feem ntau, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau siv cov lus tshaj tawm uas tsuas yog cov neeg tawm tsam Rus, pab. hloov Lavxias teb sab, tsis lees paub qhov tseeb no tib neeg los ua tsiaj. Cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li no ntshai nrog Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg, uas tab tom ua rau txhua qhov chaw. Nrog rau tag nrho cov zoo sib xws ntawm Sanskrit thiab Lavxias teb sab lus, feem ntau yuav, peb yuav tsum hais tias nws yog Sanskrit uas tau los ua tus tsim thiab progenitor ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab lus. Tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev, raws li qee tus yuav sib cav. Yog li, thaum txiav txim siab seb nws yog hom lus, Sanskrit, qhov tseem ceeb yog siv cov lus tseeb nkaus xwb, thiab tsis mus rau hauv kev nom kev tswv.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau kev dawb huv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus hais tias kev sib raug zoo nrog Sanskrityuav pab ntxuav cov lus ntawm kev qiv nyiaj tsis zoo, hais lus phem thiab ua qias tuaj.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus sib txheeb
Tam sim no, siv qhov piv txwv zoo, cia saib seb Sanskrit thiab Slavic zoo li cas. Siv lo lus "npau taws". Raws li Ozhegov phau ntawv txhais lus, nws txhais tau hais tias "ua rau khaus, npau taws, xav npau taws rau ib tug neeg." Tib lub sijhawm, nws pom tseeb tias lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "lub siab" yog los ntawm lo lus "lub siab".
"Lub siab" yog lo lus Lavxias uas los ntawm Sanskrit lo lus "hridaya", yog li lawv muaj tib lub hauv paus -srd- thiab -hrd-. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, Sanskrit lub tswv yim ntawm "hridaya" suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab lub siab. Yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lo lus "npau taws" muaj ib tug pronounced lub plawv cuam tshuam, uas yuav ua tau zoo heev yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub ancient Indian lus.
Tab sis yog vim li cas peb thiaj li muaj lo lus "npau taws" muaj cov lus tsis zoo? Nws hloov tawm tias txawm tias Indian Brahmins txuas nrog kev hlub nrog kev sib ntxub thiab kev npau taws rau hauv ib khub. Hauv Hindu kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev ua phem, kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev hlub mob siab rau yog suav tias yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev xav uas txhawb ib leeg. Li no lub npe nrov Lavxias teb sab qhia: "Los ntawm kev hlub los ntawm kev ntxub yog ib kauj ruam." Yog li, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov lus, nws muaj peev xwm nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus txuam nrog cov lus Indian thaum ub. Xws li yog cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Sanskrit thiab Lavxias teb sab lus. Lawv ua pov thawj tias cov lus no muaj feem cuam tshuam.
Lithuanian thiab Sanskrit zoo ib yam, yog liRaws li keeb kwm Lithuanian xyaum tsis txawv ntawm Cov Neeg Laus Laus, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov lus hauv cheeb tsam, zoo ib yam li cov lus sab qaum teb niaj hnub no.
Vedic Sanskrit
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb hauv kab lus no yuav tsum tau muab rau Vedic Sanskrit. Lub Vedic analogue ntawm cov lus no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ob peb lub monuments ntawm ancient Indian cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog sau los ntawm cov qauv kev txi, zaj nkauj, kev cai dab qhuas treatises, piv txwv li, lub Upanishads.
Feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm no tau sau ua lus hu ua New Vedic lossis Middle Vedic lus. Vedic Sanskrit txawv heev ntawm classical Sanskrit. Cov lus piav qhia Panini feem ntau suav tias cov lus no txawv, thiab niaj hnub no ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav txog Vedic thiab classical Sanskrit raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus ntawm ib hom lus qub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus lawv tus kheej zoo ib yam li ib leeg. Raws li feem ntau version, classical Sanskrit nyuam qhuav tuaj ntawm Vedic.
Ntawm cov Vedic cov ntawv sau cia, Rig Veda tau lees paub tias yog thawj zaug. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau hnub nws nrog qhov tseeb, thiab, yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees qhov twg keeb kwm ntawm Vedic Sanskrit yuav tsum suav los ntawm. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm nws lub neej, cov ntawv dawb ceev tsis tau sau tseg, tab sis tsuas yog hais nrov nrov thiab nco, lawv tseem nco txog niaj hnub no.
Cov neeg paub lus niaj hnub txheeb xyuas ntau yam keeb kwm hauv cov lus Vedic raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov qauv sau ntawv. Nws feem ntau lees txais tias thawj cuaj phau ntawv ntawm Rig Veda tau sauprecisely nyob rau hauv ancient Indian lus.
Epic Sanskrit
Epic ancient Sanskrit yog ib daim ntawv hloov pauv ntawm Vedic Sanskrit mus rau Classical. Ib daim ntawv uas yog qhov tseeb version ntawm Vedic Sanskrit. Nws tau dhau los ntawm qee yam kev hloov pauv lus, piv txwv li, ntawm qee lub sijhawm keeb kwm, subjunctives ploj ntawm nws.
Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm Sanskrit no yog daim ntawv ua ntej-classical, nws muaj nyob rau hauv 5th thiab 4th centuries BC. Qee cov lus txhais txhais tau tias yog Late Vedic.
Nws tau lees paub tias nws yog thawj daim ntawv ntawm Sanskrit no uas tau kawm los ntawm cov neeg Indian thaum ub Panini, uas tuaj yeem raug hu ua thawj tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws tau piav qhia txog phonological thiab grammatical yam ntxwv ntawm Sanskrit, npaj ib txoj hauj lwm uas yog raws li qhov ua tau thiab xav tsis thoob los ntawm nws cov formalism. Cov qauv ntawm nws treatise yog ib qho analogue ntawm cov lus niaj hnub no tau mob siab rau cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau siv ntau txhiab xyoo rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no kom ua tiav tib qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Panini piav txog cov lus uas nws hais nws tus kheej, twb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nquag siv Vedic kab lus, tab sis tsis xav txog lawv qhov qub thiab tsis siv. Nws yog lub sijhawm lub sijhawm no uas Sanskrit tau ua haujlwm zoo li qub thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws yog nyob rau hauv epic Sanskrit uas tej hauj lwm nrov xws li Mahabharata thiab Ramayana, uas yog suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Indian thaum ub, tau sau hnub no.
Ntawm linguists feem ntauNco ntsoov hais tias cov lus uas cov epic tej hauj lwm tau sau yog txawv heev los ntawm cov version uas tau teev nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Panini. Qhov tsis sib xws no feem ntau piav qhia los ntawm qhov hu ua kev tsim kho tshiab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Prakrits.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nkag siab, lub ancient Indian epic nws tus kheej muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm prakritisms, uas yog, qiv uas nkag mus rau hauv nws los ntawm hom lus. Nyob rau hauv no nws txawv heev ntawm classical Sanskrit. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit yog cov lus sau nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv Vajtswv thaum ntxov tau tsim rau nws, uas thaum kawg assimilated rau classical Sanskrit mus rau ib tug degree los yog lwm yam.
Classical Sanskrit
Sanskrit yog lus ntawm Vajtswv, ntau tus kws sau ntawv Indian, kws tshawb fawb, kws tshaj lij, cov neeg ntseeg ntseeg tau ntseeg qhov no.
Muaj ntau yam ntawm nws. Thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm Sanskrit classical ncav cuag peb los ntawm lub xyoo pua 2 BC. Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm kev cai dab qhuas philosopher thiab tus tsim ntawm yoga, Patanjali, uas nws tau tso rau ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Panini, ib tug yuav nrhiav tau thawj cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no. Patanjali hais tias Sanskrit yog ib hom lus nyob rau lub sijhawm, tab sis nws yuav nws thiaj li raug hloov los ntawm ntau hom lus. Nyob rau hauv no treatise, nws lees paub lub hav zoov ntawm Prakrits, uas yog, dialects uas cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ancient Indian lus. Vim yog siv cov ntaub ntawv colloquial, cov lus pib nqaim, thiab grammatical notationstandardized.
Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas Sanskrit khov rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob, tig mus rau hauv daim ntawv classic, uas Patanjali nws tus kheej tsim nrog lub ntsiab lus "ua tiav", "ua tiav", "ua tiav". Piv txwv li, tib lub epithet piav txog cov zaub mov npaj txhij hauv Is Nrias teb.
Cov neeg paub lus niaj hnub ntseeg tias muaj plaub yam lus tseem ceeb hauv Sanskrit classical. Thaum lub sijhawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv tuaj, cov lus tau xyaum tsis raug siv rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntuj, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, tom qab ntawd nws tau tso tseg tsis hloov zuj zus. Nws tau los ua hom lus ntawm kev pe hawm, nws tau koom nrog qee lub zej zog kev coj noj coj ua, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam lus nyob. Tab sis feem ntau nws tau siv los ua cov lus sau.
Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, Sanskrit muaj mus txog rau lub xyoo pua XIV. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, Prakrits tau nrov heev uas lawv tsim lub hauv paus ntawm neo-Indic hom lus thiab pib siv hauv kev sau ntawv. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Sanskrit thaum kawg raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub teb chaws Indian lus los ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm.
Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Tamil, uas koom nrog tsev neeg Dravidian, tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Sanskrit, tab sis tau sib tw nrog nws txij thaum ub, vim nws kuj tau koom nrog kev nplua nuj thaum ub. Sanskrit muaj qee qhov qiv los ntawm hom lus no.
Hnub no txoj haujlwm ntawm hom lus
Cov tsiaj ntawv Sanskrit muaj kwv yees li 36 lub xov tooj, thiab yog tias peb suav rau hauv tus lej allophones uas tau txaissuav thaum sau, ces tag nrho cov suab nce mus rau 48. Qhov no feature yog lub ntsiab nyuaj rau Russians uas yuav kawm Sanskrit.
Hnub no, cov lus no tsuas yog siv los ntawm cov castes sab saud ntawm Is Nrias teb ua hom lus tseem ceeb. Thaum xyoo 2001 kev suav pej xeem, ntau dua 14,000 tus neeg Khab tau lees paub tias Sanskrit yog lawv hom lus. Yog li ntawd, officially nws tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog tuag. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus kuj tau ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb tau ua tsis tu ncua, thiab cov phau ntawv Sanskrit tseem raug luam tawm dua.
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv qhia tau hais tias kev siv Sanskrit hauv kev hais lus hauv qhov ncauj muaj tsawg, yog li cov lus tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho ntxiv. Raws li qhov tseeb no, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb suav tias yog hom lus tuag, txawm tias qhov no tsis pom tseeb. Sib piv Sanskrit nrog Latin, linguists nco ntsoov tias Latin, tau tso tseg tsis siv raws li ib hom lus, tau ntev tau siv nyob rau hauv lub zej zog scientific los ntawm nqaim tshwj xeeb. Ob leeg ntawm cov lus no tau hloov kho tas li, tau dhau los ntawm theem ntawm kev txhawb siab dag zog, uas qee zaum cuam tshuam nrog lub siab xav ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Thaum kawg, ob hom lus no tau ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg, txawm tias lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub voj voog ntev, yog li lawv muaj ntau yam sib xws.
Qhov tseem ceeb, kev hloov pauv ntawm Sanskrit los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog vim qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov koom haum ntawm lub hwj chim uas txhawb nqa nws hauv txhua txoj hauv kev, nrog rau kev sib tw siab ntawm lwm yam lus, cov neeg hais lus uas tau nrhiav kev txhawb nqa. lawv tus kheejNational Literature.
Ntau qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cheeb tsam tau ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev ploj ntawm Sanskrit hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm lub Vijayanagara faj tim teb chaws, Kashmiri tau siv nyob rau hauv ib co cheeb tsam nrog Sanskrit raws li lub ntsiab lus sau, tab sis tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Sanskrit twb paub zoo dua sab nraum nws, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub niaj hnub. teb chaws.
Hnub no, kev siv cov lus Sanskrit hauv qhov ncauj tau txo qis, tab sis nws tseem nyob hauv cov kab lis kev cai sau hauv lub tebchaws. Feem coob ntawm cov uas muaj peev xwm nyeem tau cov vernaculars kuj muaj peev xwm nyeem Sanskrit. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas txawm tias Wikipedia muaj ib ntu sau ua lus Sanskrit.
Tom qab Is Nrias teb tau txais kev ywj pheej hauv xyoo 1947, ntau tshaj li peb txhiab ua haujlwm tau luam tawm ua hom lus no.
Studying Sanskrit hauv Europe
Kev txaus siab rau cov lus no tseem tsis tau tsuas yog hauv Is Nrias teb nws tus kheej thiab hauv Russia, tab sis thoob plaws Europe. Rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th, tus tub txib German Heinrich Roth tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev kawm txog hom lus no. Nws tus kheej nyob tau ntau xyoo hauv Is Nrias teb, thiab xyoo 1660 nws ua tiav nws phau ntawv hauv Latin ntawm Sanskrit. Thaum Roth rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe, nws tau pib tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, qhia hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab ua ntej cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov kws paub lus tshwj xeeb. Interestingly, nws txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab lus Indian tsis tau luam tawm txog tam sim no, nws tsuas yog khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv Tebchaws. Lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Rome.
Kev kawm Sanskrit hauv Tebchaws Europe tau pib thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, nws tau tshawb pom hauv 1786 los ntawm William Jones, thiab ua ntej ntawd, nws cov yam ntxwv tau piav qhia meej los ntawm Fab Kis Jesuit Kerdu thiab tus pov thawj German Henksleden. Tab sis lawv cov ntaub ntawv tau luam tawm tsuas yog tom qab Jones tau tawm los, yog li lawv raug suav hais tias yog pab. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, kev paub nrog cov lus Sanskrit thaum ub tau ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib piv keeb kwm linguistics.
Cov lus Askiv nyob sab Europe tau zoo siab rau cov lus no, sau tseg nws cov qauv zoo, kev txawj ntse thiab kev nplua nuj, txawm tias piv rau Greek thiab Latin. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg nws qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov lus European nrov hauv cov ntawv sau thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhia, yog li ntawd, hauv lawv txoj kev xav, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam. Qhov zoo sib xws no muaj zog heev uas feem coob ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas ua haujlwm nrog tag nrho peb hom lus no tsis xav tias lawv muaj ib tug poj koob yawm txwv.
Kev tshawb fawb lus hauv Russia
Raws li peb tau sau tseg lawm, hauv Russia muaj tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb rau Sanskrit. Rau lub sijhawm ntev, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv tau cuam tshuam nrog ob phau ntawv "Petersburg phau ntawv txhais lus" (loj thiab me), uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus no tau qhib tag nrho lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm Sanskrit rau Lavxias teb sab lus, lawv tau los ua lub ntsiab Indological science rau tag nrho lub xyoo pua.
xibfwb ntawm lub xeev MoscowVera Kochergina University: nws tau sau "Sanskrit-Lavxias phau ntawv txhais lus", thiab kuj tau los ua tus sau "Sanskrit Textbook".
Hauv xyoo 1871, tsab xov xwm nto moo los ntawm Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub npe "Lub Sijhawm Kev Cai Lij Choj rau Chemical Elements". Nyob rau hauv nws, nws tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem niaj hnub hauv daim ntawv uas nws paub rau peb txhua tus niaj hnub no, thiab kuj tau kwv yees qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Nws hu ua lawv "ekaaluminium", "ekabor" thiab "ekasilicium". Rau lawv, nws tau tso qhov chaw khoob hauv lub rooj. Peb tau tham txog kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj lom neeg hauv kab lus no tsis yog los ntawm lub sijhawm, vim tias Mendeleev ntawm no tau pom nws tus kheej ua tus paub txog Sanskrit. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv no ancient Indian lus, "eka" txhais tau tias "ib tug." Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias Mendeleev yog ib tus phooj ywg ze ntawm Sanskrit tus kws tshawb fawb Betlirk, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau ua haujlwm thib ob ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Panini. Tus kws paub lus Askiv Paul Kriparsky tau ntseeg tias Mendeleev tau muab cov npe Sanskrit rau cov ntsiab lus uas ploj lawm, yog li qhia txog kev lees paub ntawm cov kab lus Indian thaum ub, uas nws muaj nuj nqis heev. Nws kuj tau sau tseg ib qho tshwj xeeb zoo sib xws ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm chemist thiab Panini's Shiva Sutras. Raws li Asmeskas, Mendeleev tsis pom nws lub rooj hauv npau suav, tab sis tuaj nrog nws thaum kawm Hindu kab lus.
Hnub no, kev txaus siab hauv Sanskrit tau poob qis, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, lawv xav txog cov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov lus thiab lawv feem hauv Lavxias thiab Sanskrit, sim nrhiav qhov laj thawj rau kev nkag mus.ib hom lus rau lwm tus.
