Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich yog leej txiv ntawm Soviet nuclear fais fab. Nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub atom nyob kaj siab lug thiab coj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj atomic foob pob nyob rau hauv lub USSR nyob rau hauv lub lig 1940s.
Cov kab lus luv luv piav qhia txog txoj kev ua neej uas Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov tau dhau los. Biography rau cov menyuam yaus yuav nthuav tshwj xeeb.
Young physicist
Lub Ib Hlis 12, 1903, Igor Kurchatov yug hauv lub zos Simsky Zavod (tam sim no lub nroog Sim) hauv Urals. Nws haiv neeg yog Russian. Nws txiv, Vasily Alekseevich (1869–1941), nyob rau hauv ntau lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug pab forester thiab soj ntsuam. Niam, Maria Vasilievna Ostroumova (1875–1942), yog tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug txiv plig hauv zos. Igor yog tus thib ob ntawm peb tus menyuam: nws tus muam Antonina yog tus hlob, thiab nws tus tij laug Boris yog tus yau tshaj.
Xyoo 1909, tom qab tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Simbirsk, kev kawm pib ntawm Simbirsk gymnasium, qhov twg Igor kawm tiav tsev kawm theem qis. Peb xyoos tom qab, tom qab tsiv mus rau Crimea vim nws tus viv ncaus kev noj qab haus huv, Kurchatov raug xa mus rau Simferopol gymnasium. Tus tub ua tau zoo thaum xub thawj.nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev qhuab qhia, tab sis tom qab nyeem ib phau ntawv ntawm physics thiab technology raws li ib tug hluas, nws xaiv physics raws li txoj hauj lwm ntawm nws lub neej. Xyoo 1920, ua haujlwm nruab hnub thiab kawm hmo ntuj, Igor kawm tiav los ntawm Simferopol gymnasium nrog ib qho khoom plig kub. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws nkag mus rau Tauride University.
Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txiav txim
Igor Kurchatov (duab yog muab tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm) yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws hauv Department of Physics thiab lej. Vim txoj kev kawm tau zoo, nws thiab lwm tus tub ntxhais kawm tau raug muab tso rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv lub chaw kuaj mob physics thiab muab pub dawb rau kev sim ua. Los ntawm cov kev paub dhau los no, Kurchatov tau txais kev nkag siab tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv kev txhawb nqa kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb tom qab. Xyoo 1923, Igor kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv physics, kawm tiav plaub xyoos hauv peb xyoos.
Tsiv mus rau Petrograd
Txav sai sai mus rau Petrograd, nws nkag mus rau lub koom haum Polytechnic los ua tus kws tshaj lij tub rog. Raws li nyob rau hauv Simferopol, Kurchatov yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kawm thiab txhawb nws tus kheej. Nws tau txais mus rau Magnetometeorological Observatory nyob rau hauv Pavlovsk, uas tso cai rau nws mus khwv tau ib tug nyob thiab ua li nws hlub. Txij li thaum ua hauj lwm ntawm lub soj ntsuam pib siv sij hawm ntau heev, Kurchatov lagged qab nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb thiab tawm hauv lub koom haum nyob rau hauv lub thib ob semester. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws txiav txim siab tsom mus rau physics.
Tom qab ua haujlwm raws li tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Baku Polytechnic Institute hauv 1924-1925. Igor Kurchatov tau raug xaiv tsa hauvLub koom haum Physical-Technical Institute nyob rau hauv Leningrad, uas yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm physics thiab technology ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 1927, nws tau sib yuav Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova thiab ua haujlwm ua ib tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kho Mob ntawm Leningrad Polytechnic Institute thiab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm. Ntawm no nws tau siv nws lub xyoo zoo tshaj plaws thiab ua qee qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Igor Kurchatov: luv luv biography ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb
Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1920s thiab thaum ntxov 1930s, Kurchatov tau xav txog dab tsi yog hu ua ferroelectricity - kev kawm txog cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau coj mus rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab ua rau nws xav txog nuclear physics. Tom qab ua qhov kev sim thawj zaug nrog beryllium hluav taws xob, lub rooj sib tham thiab sib tham nrog cov pioneer ntawm no science Frederic Joliot nyob rau hauv 1933, Kurchatov pib fruitful ua hauj lwm ntawm curbing lub hwj chim ntawm lub atom. Ua ke nrog lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, suav nrog nws tus tij laug Boris, nws tau ua tiav hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm isomeric nuclei, radioactive isotopes ntawm bromine, uas muaj tib lub loj thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev sib txawv. Txoj hauj lwm no tau ua rau kev nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm lub atom hauv lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb hauv Soviet.
Tib lub sijhawm (hauv xyoo 1934–1935), Kurchatov, ua ke nrog cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Radium Institute (ib lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm tsim nyob rau hauv USSR raws li kev coj ua ntawm cov tsev kawm zoo sib xws uas tsim los ntawm cov pioneer hauv kev kawm txog hluav taws xob., Marie Curie nyob rau Fabkis thiab Poland), tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb neutron, nruab nrabsubatomic hais txog qhov me me tsis paub thaum lub sijhawm. High-zog neutrons yog siv los bombard lub nucleus ntawm ib tug radioactive atom, xws li uranium, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav cais lub atom thiab tso tawm ntau lub zog thaum lub sij hawm nuclear tshuaj.
Wonder Weapon
Nyob rau xyoo 1930, cov kws tshawb fawb xws li Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer thiab lwm tus tau pib paub tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear, yog tias ua tau zoo, tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub foob pob ntawm lub zog tawg tsis tau pom dua. Kurchatov, raws li ib tug ntawm cov thawj Soviet nuclear kws tshawb fawb, yog de facto suav hais tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no. Rau ntau yam laj thawj, suav nrog kev tsis muaj peev txheej thiab kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ntawm Stalinist tsoom fwv thaum lub sijhawm, Soviet Union tau poob qis dua lwm lub ntiaj teb hauv kev sib tw los ua kom muaj lub atom.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws
Xov xwm ntawm xyoo 1938 nrhiav pom ntawm nuclear fission los ntawm German chemists Otto Hahn thiab Fritz Strasmann sai sai kis mus thoob ntiaj teb lub zej zog ntawm physicists. Hauv Soviet Union, cov xov xwm ua rau muaj kev zoo siab thiab kev txhawj xeeb txog cov kev siv tau ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no.
Nyob rau xyoo 1930s, Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov, uas nws daim duab tau muab tso rau hauv tsab xov xwm, nrog ib pab pawg neeg tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Leningrad, tau ua ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear ntawm radioactive isotopes ntawm thorium thiab uranium. Xyoo 1940, ob tug ntawm nws cov npoj yaig tau nrhiav pom qhov sib txawv ntawm uranium isotope thiab, raws li nws cov lus qhia, tau sau ib tsab xov xwm luv luv txog nws nyob rau hauv American tsab ntawm Physical Review, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd yog thawj scientific.ib phau ntawv journal uas luam tawm cov lus hais txog kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb nuclear.
Tom qab ob peb lub lis piam ntawm kev tos txais cov lus teb, Igor Kurchatov pib tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv tshaj tawm tam sim no kom paub cov xov xwm hais txog kev sim nuclear fission. Yog li ntawd, nws pom tias American scientific journals tau txwv tsis pub luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv no txij thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1940. Kurchatov tau tshaj tawm rau Soviet thawj coj hais tias Asmeskas, teb rau kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv ntiaj teb nrog German-Italian-Japan axis, yog zaum. kev siv zog los tsim lub foob pob atomic. Qhov no coj mus rau kev siv zog ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv Soviet Union. Kurchatov's Leningrad Laboratory tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev siv zog no.
Kev Sib Tw Ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub Fleet
Kev nce qib ntawm cov tub rog German tob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm USSR thaum Lub Xya Hli 1941 txo qis cov peev txheej muaj nyob hauv txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm Soviet Union, suav nrog cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Ntau ntawm Kurchatov cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws kho mob tau raug xaiv los daws cov teeb meem tub rog tam sim no, thiab nws tus kheej tau mus rau Sevastopol los cob qhia cov neeg tsav nkoj kom demagnetize nkoj los tawm tsam cov mines sib nqus.
Los ntawm 1942, kev siv zog ntawm Soviet txawj ntse hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau lees paub qhov tseeb tias Manhattan Project tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim riam phom atomic. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov nom tswv, Igor Kurchatov tau raug hu los ntawm Sevastopol thiab tau tsa tus tsim qauv ntawm lub chaw rau kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear. Lub chaw no tom qab ntawd yuav dhau los ua lub plawv ntawm lub koom haum Soviet ntawm Atomic Energy.
Kev tshoov siabRozenberg
Nyob ntawm lub koom haum, Kurchatov pab pawg tau tsim lub cyclotron thiab lwm yam khoom siv uas xav tau los tswj lub reactor nuclear. Tom qab kev sim ua tiav thiab siv cov foob pob atomic los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, Soviet Union tau nce siab los tiv thaiv Asmeskas kev hem thawj nuclear. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 27, 1946, Kurchatov thiab nws pab pawg tau tsim thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Tebchaws Europe. Qhov no ua rau nws ua tau kom tau txais ib qho isotope ntawm plutonium, tsim nyog rau kev tsim riam phom nuclear. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 29, 1949, tom qab ua tiav kev sim lub foob pob atomic, USSR tau nkag mus rau lub hnub nyoog nuclear. Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1952, Asmeskas cov foob pob hluav taws tau tawg, uas muaj zog ntau zaus, thiab Lub Yim Hli 12, 1953 tau cim los ntawm kev ua tiav zoo sib xws los ntawm Soviet Union.
Tom qab tsim riam phom atomic thiab hydrogen, Kurchatov tau coj txoj kev txav mus rau hauv lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb hauv Soviet rau kev thaj yeeb siv lub atom. Nws pab tsim thiab tsim cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear. Xyoo 1951, Kurchatov tau teeb tsa ib qho ntawm thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm nuclear zog hauv Soviet Union thiab tom qab ntawd los ua ib feem ntawm pab pawg uas tau tsim thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear hauv USSR thaum Lub Rau Hli 27, 1954.
Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich: nthuav qhov tseeb
Tus kws kho mob nuclear yog tus neeg saib xyuas zoo hauv lub zog ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet. Ntxiv nrog rau ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub presidium ntawm Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR, nws tau los ua tus Hero ntawm Socialist Labor peb zaug, yog ib tug deputy ntawm lub Supreme Council thiab ib tug hwm nom tswv daim duab. Nws lub peev xwm tswj hwm yuav luag zoo ib yam li tus kws tshawb fawb, tso cai rau nws ua tau zoopuas muaj cov koom haum loj.
Kurchatov tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm nws cov npoj yaig hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb. Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Nobel laureate rau nws txoj hauj lwm muaj txiaj ntsig hauv daim teb no, tau nrog nws mus ntev. Nyob rau xyoo 1950s, Kurchatov tau koom nrog kev sib tham thoob ntiaj teb ntawm atomic zog thiab, nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, tau thov kom txwv thoob ntiaj teb rau riam phom nuclear. Nws kuj tau tawm tswv yim txwv tsis pub kuaj huab cua. Xyoo 1963, Soviet Union thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau kos npe rau Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Txog Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Nuclear nyob rau hauv Atmosphere, Outer Space thiab Underwater.
Kev siv pej xeem ntawm atomic zog, tshawb fawb thiab tsim los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Kurchatov, suav nrog cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob (thawj qhov pib ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1954), Lenin nuclear icebreaker. Tus kws tshawb fawb tseem tau coj cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm thermonuclear fusion, txhim kho txhais tau tias kom cov ntshav plasma ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tsim nyog los pib thiab tswj cov txheej txheem fusion hauv thermonuclear reactor.
Tus kws tshaj lij, tsis yog theorist
Tom qab ob leeg mob stroke xyoo 1956 thiab 1957. Kurchatov so haujlwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nquag, txuas ntxiv tsom mus rau nuclear physics thiab kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub tebchaws Soviet nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Lub Ob Hlis 7, 1960, Igor Kurchatov liam tias tuag ntawm lub plawv nres hauv Moscow.
Cov kws tshawb fawb txog biography tsis txwv rau cov haujlwm uas nws tau mob siab rau nws lub neej. Nws txoj haujlwm theoretical ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog echoed thiab feem ntau lagged qabua hauj lwm ntawm cov pioneers ntawm nuclear physics thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tsuas yog kev siv txoj kev xav hauv kev xyaum ua nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm tag nrho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov dej num.
Nyob hauv dej
Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub oppressive thiab technologically stuffy huab cua ntawm Joseph Stalin lub tsoom fwv. Nws muaj peev xwm sib sau ua ke cov pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj thiab hnyav thiab, ntxiv rau, txhawb cov kws tshaj lij no los tsim lub zej zog muaj tswv yim zoo. Nws tau tswj hwm kom nyob twj ywm thiab tawm hauv tsev loj cuj thaum lub sijhawm ntau ntawm Stalin tshem tawm ntawm lub tebchaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv thiab tib lub sijhawm muab nws cov lus thov.
Tshaj Sakharov
Kurchatov yog los ntawm txhua tus qauv tus kws paub txog tus kheej uas ntseeg tias lub chaw kuaj mob yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws los tsim thiab sim cov kev xav ntawm lub cev. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev coj cwj pwm no, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txhawb nqa tag nrho cov tiam neeg ntawm Soviet physicists kom dhau lawv cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev crucible ntawm cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim. Nws yog tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb zoo, suav nrog tus kws kho mob hlwb Andrei Sakharov.
Igor Kurchatov tau pab nws lub tebchaws kom nkag mus rau lub sijhawm thev naus laus zis ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tsim ob txoj kev loj hlob ntawm atomic zog hauv Soviet Union. Yog tias nws tau tsom mus rau kev tsim riam phom nkaus xwb, ces kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob nuclear (nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag) tej zaum yuav tsis tshwm sim sai sai no.
