Nws paub tias feem ntau cov tsiaj muaj sia muaj cov dej dawb lossis khi los ntawm 70 feem pua lossis ntau dua. Nws tuaj qhov twg los ntau, nws nyob qhov twg? Nws hloov tawm tias txhua lub xov tooj ntawm tes hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj txog li 80% dej, thiab tsuas yog qhov seem uas poob rau ntawm cov khoom qhuav.
Thiab lub ntsiab "dej" qauv tsuas yog lub cytoplasm ntawm tes. Qhov no yog complex, heterogeneous, dynamic nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv nta thiab functions ntawm peb yuav tau paub ntxiv.
YProtoplast
lo lus no yog siv los piav qhia tag nrho cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm ib qho eukaryotic qauv me tshaj plaws, sib cais los ntawm cov ntshav plasma los ntawm nws lwm "cov npoj yaig". Ntawd yog, qhov no suav nrog cytoplasm - ib puag ncig sab hauv ntawm tes, cov organelles nyob hauv nws, cov nucleus nrog nucleoli thiab cov khoom siv caj ces.
Cov kab mob dab tsi nyob hauv cytoplasm? Nov yog:
- ribosomes;
- mitochondria;
- EPS;
- Golgi apparatus;
- lysosomes;
- cell suav nrog;
- vacuoles (hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov fungi);
- cell center;
- plastids (hauv cov nroj tsuag);
- cilia thiab flagella;
- microfilaments;
- Ymicrotubules.
Lub nucleus, sib cais los ntawm karyolemma, nrog nucleoli thiab DNA molecules, kuj muaj cov cytoplasm ntawm lub cell. Hauv nruab nrab nws yog tsiaj txhu, ze rau ntawm phab ntsa - hauv cov nroj tsuag.
Yog li, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cytoplasm feem ntau yuav nyob ntawm seb hom cell, ntawm cov kab mob nws tus kheej, nws nyob hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Feem ntau, nws nyob txhua qhov chaw dawb hauv thiab ua haujlwm ntau yam tseem ceeb.
Matrix, lossis hyaloplasm
Cov qauv ntawm cytoplasm ntawm ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes muaj feem ntau ntawm nws qhov kev faib ua feem:
- hyaloplasm - cov kua dej tas mus li;
- organelles;
- suav nrog yog cov qauv sib txawv.
Matrix, lossis hyaloplasm, yog lub ntsiab lus sab hauv, uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv ob lub xeev - tshauv thiab gel.
Cytosol yog ib lub cell cytoplasm uas muaj cov kua ua kua ntau dua. Lub cytogel yog tib yam, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev denser, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv loj molecules ntawm organic tshuaj. Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm hyaloplasm tau qhia raws li hauv qab no:
- tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj kuab lom colloidal, tuab heev thiab slimy;
- muaj qhov sib txawv meej ntawm cov qauv tsim, txawm li cas los xijvim kev txav mus los, tuaj yeem hloov tau yooj yim;
- los ntawm sab hauv yog sawv cev los ntawm cytoskeleton lossis microtrabecular lattice, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov protein filaments (microtubules thiab microfilaments);
- ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub lattice no tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub xovtooj tag nrho yog nyob, thiab vim yog microtubules, Golgi apparatus thiab ER, cov lus tshwm sim ntawm lawv los ntawm hyaloplasm.
Yog li, hyaloplasm yog ib feem tseem ceeb uas muab ntau txoj haujlwm ntawm cytoplasm hauv cell.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cytoplasm
Yog tias peb tham txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, ces qhov sib faib dej hauv cytoplasm suav txog li 70%. Qhov no yog tus nqi nruab nrab, vim tias qee cov nroj tsuag muaj cov cell uas muaj txog li 90-95% ntawm cov dej. Cov teeb meem qhuav sawv cev los ntawm:
- proteins;
- carbs;
- phospholipids;
- roj cholesterol thiab lwm yam nitrogen-muaj cov organic tebchaw;
- electrolytes (mineral ntsev);
- suav nrog hauv daim ntawv glycogen droplets (hauv cov tsiaj hlwb) thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dav dav ntawm qhov nruab nrab yog alkaline lossis me ntsis alkaline. Yog hais tias peb xav txog yuav ua li cas lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell nyob, ces xws li ib tug feature yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg. Ib feem yog sau rau ntawm ntug, hauv cheeb tsam ntawm plasmalemma, thiab hu ua ectoplasm. Lwm qhov yog taw qhia ze rau karyolemma, hu ua endoplasm.
Cov qauv ntawm cov cell cytoplasm yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb - microtubules thiab microfilaments, yog li peb yuav xav txog ntau yam ntxiv.
YMicrotubules
Hlubme elongated hais txog li ob peb micrometers loj. Txoj kab uas hla - los ntawm 6 mus rau 25 nm. Vim tias qhov ntsuas meager dhau lawm, kev kawm tiav thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm cov qauv no tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau xav tias lawv cov phab ntsa muaj cov protein ntau tubulin. Cov tshuaj no muaj cov saw hlau helically twisted molecule.
Qee lub luag haujlwm ntawm cytoplasm hauv lub cell yog ua tiav vim muaj cov microtubules. Yog li, piv txwv li, lawv koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm tes ntawm fungi thiab nroj tsuag, qee cov kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb, lawv muaj tsawg heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog cov qauv no uas ua rau kev txav ntawm cov organelles hauv cytoplasm.
Microtubules lawv tus kheej tsis ruaj khov, muaj peev xwm ua kom tawg sai sai thiab rov ua dua, raug rov ua dua ib ntus.
YMicrofilaments
Txaus cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cytoplasm. Lawv yog cov ntev filaments ntawm actin (globular protein), uas, intertwining nrog ib leeg, tsim ib tug network network - lub cytoskeleton. Lwm lub npe yog microtrabecular lattice. Qhov no yog ib yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cytoplasm. Tseeb, nws yog ua tsaug rau xws li ib tug cytoskeleton uas tag nrho cov organelles nyob ua ke, lawv muaj kev ruaj ntseg sib txuas lus nrog ib leeg, tshuaj thiab molecules dhau los ntawm lawv, thiab metabolism yog nqa tawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tias cytoplasm yog qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, uas feem ntau muaj peev xwm hloov nws cov ntaub ntawv lub cev: ua kua ntau dua los yog khov, hloov nws cov qauv (kev hloov ntawm sol mus rau gel thiab vice versa). Hauv qhov no, microfilaments yog ib qho dynamic, labile, muaj peev xwmsai sai rov tsim kho, hloov pauv, tawg thiab tsim dua.
Plasma membranes
Lub xub ntiag ntawm kev tsim tau zoo thiab ib txwm ua haujlwm ntau cov txheej txheem membrane yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cell, uas kuj yog ib hom qauv ntawm cov cytoplasm. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog los ntawm cov plasma membrane teeb meem uas molecules, as-ham thiab metabolic khoom, gases rau cov txheej txheem ua pa, thiab thiaj li nyob. Tias yog vim li cas feem ntau organelles muaj cov qauv no.
Lawv, zoo li lub network, nyob hauv cytoplasm thiab txwv cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm lawv cov tswv los ntawm ib leeg, los ntawm ib puag ncig. Tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom tsis xav tau thiab cov kab mob phem.
Cov qauv ntawm lawv feem ntau zoo ib yam - cov qauv kua dej-mosaic, uas suav tias txhua plasmalemma ua biolayer ntawm lipids, nkag mus los ntawm cov protein sib txawv molecules.
Txij li thaum lub luag haujlwm ntawm cytoplasm hauv lub cell feem ntau yog cov lus thauj ntawm tag nrho nws qhov chaw, muaj cov membranes hauv feem ntau cov organelles yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm hyaloplasm. Nyob rau hauv ib qho nyuaj, tag nrho ua ke, lawv ua ntau yam hauj lwm los xyuas kom meej lub neej ntawm tes.
Ribosome
Me me (txog 20 nm) cov qauv sib npaug, suav nrog ob ntu - subunits. Cov halves no tuaj yeem nyob ua ke thiab sib cais rau qee lub sijhawm. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) thiab protein. Lub ntsiab localization ntawm ribosomes hauv cell:
- nucleus thiab nucleoli nyob qhov twgtsim cov subunits lawv tus kheej ntawm DNA molecule;
- cytoplasm - ribosomes ntawm no thaum kawg tsim los ua ib qho qauv, sib sau ua ke;
- membranes ntawm lub nucleus thiab endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes synthesize protein rau lawv thiab tam sim ntawd xa mus rau hauv lub organelles;
- mitochondria thiab chloroplasts ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb ua ke lawv tus kheej ribosomes hauv lub cev thiab siv cov proteins uas tsim tawm, uas yog, ntawm qhov kev hwm no lawv muaj nyob autonomously.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov qauv no yog kev sib txuas thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov protein macromolecules, uas yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tes.
Endoplasmic reticulum thiab Golgi apparatus
Ntau lub network ntawm tubules, tubules thiab vesicles, tsim cov txheej txheem hauv lub cell thiab nyob thoob plaws lub cytoplasm, hu ua endoplasmic reticulum, lossis reticulum. Nws txoj haujlwm sib raug rau cov qauv - ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov organelles nrog ib leeg thiab thauj cov khoom noj khoom haus rau cov organelles.
Lub Golgi complex, lossis cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm, ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib sau cov khoom tsim nyog (carbohydrates, rog, proteins) hauv cov kab noj hniav tshwj xeeb. Lawv raug txwv los ntawm cytoplasm los ntawm daim nyias nyias. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov organoid uas yog qhov chaw ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov rog thiab carbohydrates.
Peroxisomes thiab lysosomes
Lysosomes yog me me, cov qauv sib npaug zoo li cov kua dej puv vesicles. Lawv muaj ntau heev thiab faib nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, qhov chaw uas lawv txav dawb do nyob rau hauv lub cell. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev rhuav tshem cov khoom txawv teb chaws,uas yog, tshem tawm ntawm "cov yeeb ncuab" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov seem tuag ntawm cellular lug, kab mob thiab lwm yam molecules.
Cov ntsiab lus kua yog saturated nrog enzymes, yog li lysosomes koom nrog hauv kev tawg ntawm macromolecules rau lawv cov monomer units.
Peroxisomes yog me me oval lossis round organelles nrog ib daim nyias nyias. Sau nrog cov ntsiab lus ua kua, suav nrog ntau cov enzymes sib txawv. Lawv yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa oxygen. Lawv ua lawv txoj haujlwm nyob ntawm seb hom cell uas lawv nyob. Myelin synthesis yog ua tau rau cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov hlab ntsha, thiab lawv tuaj yeem nqa tawm oxidation thiab neutralization ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab ntau yam molecules.
YMitochondria
Cov qauv no tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hu ua lub zog (lub zog) ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsim ntawm lub ntsiab lub zog nqa khoom tshwm sim - lub molecules ntawm adenosine triphosphoric acid, los yog ATP. Nyob rau hauv tsos, lawv zoo li taum. Lub membrane uas cais cov mitochondria los ntawm cytoplasm yog ob npaug. Cov qauv sab hauv yog folded heev los ua kom thaj chaw saum npoo rau ATP synthesis. Cov folds hu ua cristae, lawv muaj ntau cov enzymes sib txawv los ua kom cov txheej txheem synthesis.
Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov mitochondria muaj cov leeg nqaij hauv cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, vim lawv xav tau cov ntsiab lus siab thiab siv zog.
Cyclose phenomenon
Kev txav ntawm cytoplasm hauv lub cell hu ua cyclosis. Nws muaj ob peb hom:
- oscillatory;
- rotary, lossis ncig;
- striated.
Txhua qhov kev txav yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej ntau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cytoplasm: tag nrho kev txav ntawm cov organelles hauv hyaloplasm, kev sib pauv ntawm cov as-ham, gases, lub zog, thiab tshem tawm cov metabolites.
Cyclose tshwm sim hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, tsis muaj kev zam. Yog nws nres, ces lub cev tuag. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem no kuj yog ib qho qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus lus tias cytoplasm ntawm cov tsiaj cell, cog cell, ib qho eukaryotic cell yog ib qho kev ua neej zoo heev.
Qhov txawv ntawm cytoplasm ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag
Qhov tseeb, muaj ob peb qhov sib txawv. Cov phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm lub tsev, cov haujlwm ua tau zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qee qhov tsis sib xws. Piv txwv li:
- Lub cytoplasm ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ntau microtubules uas koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntawm lawv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes dua li microfilaments. Tsiaj txhu ua qhov opposite.
- Cell inclusions nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog nplej hmoov txhuv nplej siab, thaum nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj lawv yog tee ntawm glycogen.
- Cov nroj tsuag cell yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm organelles uas tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Cov no yog plastids, vacuole thiab cell phab ntsa.
Nyob rau hauv lwm yam, ob qho tib si qauv yog zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm lub cytoplasm. Tus naj npawb ntawm qee qhov txuas txuas yuav txawv, tab sis lawv lub xub ntiag yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm cytoplasm nyob rau hauv lub cell linroj tsuag thiab tsiaj kuj zoo sib xws.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cytoplasm hauv cell
Tus nqi ntawm cov cytoplasm hauv cell yog qhov zoo, yog tsis hais tias nws yog qhov txiav txim siab. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho cov tseem ceeb qauv nyob, yog li nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate nws lub luag hauj lwm. Peb tuaj yeem tsim ntau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas qhia lub ntsiab lus no.
- Nws yog nws uas sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov khoom siv ntawm tes rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke uas ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej kom sib luag thiab sib sau ua ke.
- Vim dej, cytoplasm hauv lub cell ua qhov nruab nrab rau ntau yam kev sib tshuam biochemical thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev (glycolysis, khoom noj khoom haus, pauv roj).
- Qhov no yog lub ntsiab "muaj peev xwm" rau kev muaj nyob ntawm txhua lub cell organelles.
- Siv microfilaments thiab tubules, nws tsim cov cytoskeleton, khi cov organelles thiab tso cai rau lawv txav mus.
- Nws yog nyob rau hauv cytoplasm uas ib tug xov tooj ntawm lom catalysts yog concentrated - enzymes, yam uas tsis muaj biochemical tshuaj tshwm sim.
Summarizing, Kuv yuav tsum hais cov hauv qab no. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cytoplasm nyob rau hauv lub cell yog xyaum qhov tseem ceeb, vim nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem, ib puag ncig ntawm lub neej thiab lub substrate rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
