Introduction
Yog tias koj saib ze ze ntawm nitrogen hauv lub sijhawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm D. I. Mendeleev, koj yuav pom tias nws muaj qhov sib txawv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nitrogen tsim ntau binary tebchaw nrog oxygen ib zaug. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau tshawb pom tsis ntev los no, thiab qee qhov tau kawm deb thiab dav. Muaj cov tsis ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov nitrogen oxides. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov khoom no sib txawv kiag li, yog li tsawg kawg tsib oxides ntawm nitrogen yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum kawm lawv. Qhov ntawd yog hais txog lawv thiab yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm hnub no.
Nitric oxide (I)
Formula - N2O. Tej zaum nws yuav raug xa mus rau nitrogen oxonitride, dinitrous oxide, nitrous oxide, los yog luag.
Properties
Raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yog cov roj tsis muaj xim uas muaj ntxhiab tsw qab. Nws tuaj yeem yaj los ntawm dej, ethanol, ether thiab sulfuric acid. Yog hais tias lub gaseous oxide ntawm monovalent nitrogen yog rhuab mus rau chav tsev kub nyob rau hauv ib tug siab ntawm 40 atmospheres, ces nws thickens mus rau ib tug tsis muaj kob kua. Nws yog ib qho uas tsis yog ntsev-tsim oxide uas decomposes thaum rhuab thiab qhia nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev.
Tau txais
Cov oxide no yog tsim,Thaum qhuav ammonium nitrate yog rhuab. Lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau txais nws yog qhov thermal decomposition ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm "sulfamic + nitric acid".
Daim ntawv thov
Y Siv raws li kev nqus tshuaj loog, kev lag luam khoom noj paub qhov oxide no ntxiv E942. Nws kuj tseem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv.
Nitric oxide (II)
Formula - TSIS TAU. Muaj nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm nitric monoxide, nitric oxide thiab nitrosyl radical
Properties
Raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yog cov roj tsis muaj xim uas tsis zoo rau hauv dej. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau liquefy, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov khoom thiab kua, cov khoom no muaj xim xiav. Cov oxide no tuaj yeem oxidized los ntawm atmospheric oxygen
Tau txais
Nws yooj yim heev kom tau, rau qhov no koj yuav tsum tau kub txog 1200-1300oC sib tov ntawm nitrogen thiab oxygen. Hauv kev kuaj mob, nws tau tsim tam sim hauv ntau qhov kev sim:
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tooj liab thiab 30% nitric acid tov.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ferric chloride, sodium nitrite thiab hydrochloric acid.
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitrous thiab hydroiodic acids.
Daim ntawv thov
Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau txais nitric acid.
Nitric oxide (III)
Tus qauv yog N2O3. Nws kuj tseem hu ua nitrous anhydride thiab nitrogen sesquioxide.
Properties
Raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yog kua uas muaj xiavxim, thiab hauv tus qauv - tsis muaj xim tsis muaj roj. Ntshiab oxide tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib sau ua ke.
Tau txais
Ua los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm 50% nitric acid thiab cov khoom oxide ntawm trivalent arsenic (nws tseem tuaj yeem hloov nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab).
Daim ntawv thov
Nrog kev pab ntawm cov tshuaj no, nitrous acid thiab nws cov ntsev tau txais hauv cov chaw kuaj mob.
Nitric oxide (IV)
Tus qauv tsis yog 2. Nws kuj tseem hu ua nitrogen dioxide lossis roj av xim av.
Properties
Lub xeem sib raug rau ib qho ntawm nws cov khoom. Tom qab tag nrho, cov oxide no muaj cov tsos ntawm cov roj liab-xim av lossis cov kua daj daj. Nws muaj tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab.
Tau txais
Cov oxide no yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm nitric acid thiab tooj liab, nrog rau thaum lub sij hawm thermal decomposition ntawm txhuas nitrate.
Daim ntawv thov
Nws tsim cov sulfuric thiab nitric acids, oxidizes kua foob pob ua ntxaij roj thiab sib xyaw explosives.
Nitric oxide (V)
Formula - N2O5. Tej zaum yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov npe dianitrogen pentoxide, nitroyl nitrate, los yog nitric anhydride.
Properties
Nws muaj cov tsos ntawm cov xim tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj zog heev. Lawv tuaj yeem yaj ntawm 32.3oC.
Tau txais
Cov oxide no yog tsim los ntawm ntau qhov kev tshwm sim:
- Kev poob dej ntawm nitric acid nrog pentavalent phosphorus oxide.
- Dua cov tshuaj chlorine qhuav dhau nyiaj nitrate.
- Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ozone nrog tetravalent nitrogen oxide.
Daim ntawv thov
Vim nws qhov tsis ruaj khov heev, nws tsis siv rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab nyob qhov twg.
Zoo kawg
Muaj cuaj oxides ntawm nitrogen hauv chemistry, cov saum toj no tsuas yog classical compounds ntawm lub caij no. Qhov seem plaub yog, raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov khoom tsis ruaj khov. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txhua tus sib koom ib qho cuab yeej - siab toxicity. Kev tso tawm ntawm nitrogen oxides rau hauv cov huab cua ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg nyob ze cov tuam txhab tshuaj lom neeg. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev lom nrog ib yam ntawm cov tshuaj no yog tshuaj lom pulmonary edema, cuam tshuam ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, thiab ntshav puas tsuaj los ntawm hemoglobin khi. Yog li ntawd, nitrogen oxides yuav tsum tau saib xyuas thiab tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej siv feem ntau.
