Tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia: keeb kwm, tus neeg sawv cev thiab tus neeg tawm tsam

Cov txheej txheem:

Tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia: keeb kwm, tus neeg sawv cev thiab tus neeg tawm tsam
Tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia: keeb kwm, tus neeg sawv cev thiab tus neeg tawm tsam
Anonim

Tsarist Okhrana yog lub npe niaj hnub ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tub ceev xwm department ntawm Ministry of Interior, ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Lub npe tag nrho - Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees. Cov qauv tau koom nrog kev tshawb nrhiav ntiag tug, hauv kev tswj hwm pej xeem thaum kawg ntawm 19th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1866 thiab yaj nyob rau hauv lub Peb Hlis 1917. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm chav tsev no, nws cov neeg sawv cev thiab cov neeg tawm tsam.

History of Creation

Tus Tsarist Okhrana tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg tus kav nroog hauv xyoo 1866. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog kev tua neeg sim ntawm Alexander II, tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua phem thiab ntxeev siab Dmitry Karakozov. Nws raug rho tawm ntawm tus huab tais ze ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm Lub Caij Ntuj Sov, tab sis nco. Nws raug ntes tam sim ntawd thiab kaw hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Ob peb hlis tom qab ntawd nws raug dai ntawm Smolenskaya Square.

Thawj zaug, tub ceev xwm tsis pub leej twg paub tau nyob ntawm Bolshaya Morskaya Street, tom qab ntawd nws raug xa mus rau Gorokhovaya. Lub chaw saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm tub ceev xwm department ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs, qhia ncaj qha rau lub peev tus kav nroog. Nws suav nrog lub chaw ua haujlwm dav dav, cov neeg soj xyuas detachment, pab pawg ruaj ntseg, chaw ua haujlwm rau npe.

Tshwmsim ntawm Thib Ob thiab Thib Peb

Tsarist secret police agents
Tsarist secret police agents

Lub chaw ruaj ntseg thib ob tau tsim tsa hauv Moscow hauv xyoo 1880. Qhov kev txiav txim sib raug tau kos npe los ntawm Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Sab Hauv Mikhail Loris-Melikov.

Qee qhov xwm txheej, Moscow faib ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia tau tawm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav sab nraud lub xeev, ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho-Lavxias qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav nom tswv. Tus executor ncaj qha yog ib tug tshwj xeeb ya detachment ntawm filers, tsim nyob rau hauv 1894. Nws tau coj los ntawm Yevstraty Mednikov, uas yog suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm lub teb chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas. Lub taub hau ntawm chav saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg Sergei Vasilievich Zubatov tau teev npe ua tus saib xyuas tam sim. Lub dav hlau detachment tau raug tshem tawm hauv xyoo 1902, nws tau hloov los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshawb nrhiav mus tas li tsim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv xeev cov thawj coj.

Lub chaw saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg thib peb txij li xyoo 1900 tau ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Warsaw. Ob xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm revolutionary mus ob peb vas nyob rau hauv tib neeg, zoo sib xws kev faib tau qhib nyob rau hauv Yekaterinoslav, Vilna, Kyiv, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Kharkov, Tiflis. Lawv tau koom nrog kev tshawb nrhiav nom tswv hauv cov xeev, tau soj ntsuam, thiab tsim ib lub network ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm zais cia.

Kev Tshawb Fawb

Keeb kwm ntawm tsarist secret police
Keeb kwm ntawm tsarist secret police

In 1902Xyoo 2009, cov haujlwm ntawm cov ceg ntoo tau pib tswj hwm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Tsarist Okhrana tsom ntsoov rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev lag luam. Tub ceev xwm thiab tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv nws cov dej num, yuav tsum ceeb toom lawv rau kev txhim kho tom ntej, ntes thiab tshawb nrhiav.

Tus naj npawb ntawm chav saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg tau nce ntxiv txhua xyoo. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1907, muaj 27 tus ntawm lawv, nyob rau qee thaj chaw, cov ceg ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia tau pib ua kua tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm 1905 kiv puag ncig. Yog hais tias muaj ib tug lull nyob rau hauv cov kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub xeev, nws yog txiav txim siab hais tias nws yog tsis tsim nyog los tuav ib tug ruaj ntseg unit nyob rau hauv nws.

Txij li xyoo 1913, qhov kev faib tawm thoob plaws ntawm cov chaw saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb tau pib los ntawm kev pib ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Internal Affairs Vladimir Dzhunkovsky. Thaum pib ntawm Lub Ob Hlis Revolution, lawv tau khaws cia tsuas yog hauv Moscow, Petrograd thiab Warsaw.

District security departments

Cov chaw saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb tau tshaj tawm ncaj qha rau tub ceev xwm hauv qab Ministry of Interior. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov lus qhia dav dav ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tau muab, cov teeb meem ntawm kev pov tseg cov neeg ua haujlwm raug daws.

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1906, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj Pyotr Stolypin tsim cov chaw saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb hauv cheeb tsam. Lawv raug foob rau lub luag haujlwm los koom ua ke txhua lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav nom tswv uas ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam ntawd.

Thawj zaug muaj yim, tab sis vim yog kev loj hlob ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv Turkestan thiab Siberia xyoo 1907, ob qhov ntxiv tshwm sim.

Abolition

Bloodhound ntawm Royal Secret Police
Bloodhound ntawm Royal Secret Police

HistoryTub ceev xwm tsarist tsis pub leejtwg paub tau xaus rau lub Peb Hlis 1917, yuav luag tam sim tom qab Lub Ob Hlis Revolution. Nws tau liquidated los ntawm kev txiav txim siab los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees. Tib lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg tau raug rhuav tshem rov qab rau lub Ob Hlis.

Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia yog kwv yees li ib txhiab tus neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsawg kawg yog ob puas ntawm lawv tau ua haujlwm hauv St. Hauv ntau lub xeev, ob lossis peb tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm chav saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg tau ua haujlwm.

Tib lub sijhawm, ntxiv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm raug cai, muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Cov tub ceev xwm zais cia tsarist tau hu ua snitches uas tau soj ntsuam, nrog rau cov xov xwm uas raug xa mus rau cov nom tswv.

Tus neeg tshwj xeeb

Cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lawv txoj hauj lwm, tsis pom zoo thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho kev ua tau zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam thiab kev soj ntsuam.

Ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, muaj kwv yees li ib txhiab snitches thiab kwv yees li 70.5 txhiab tus neeg qhia. Hauv ob lub nroog, los ntawm tsib caug mus rau ib puas tus neeg saib xyuas raug xa mus ua haujlwm txhua hnub.

Txhawm rau dhau los ua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia, ib tus yuav tsum dhau qhov kev xaiv nyuaj. Cov neeg sib tw tau raug sim rau kev ua siab dawb, kev ncaj ncees, kev ua siab loj, ua siab loj, txawj ntse, ua siab ntev, ua siab ntev, ceev faj thiab ua siab ntev. Feem ntau cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tsis pom kev zoo li tsis muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 30 xyoo raug coj mus rau qhov kev pabcuam no. Lawv yog cov bloodhound tiag tiag ntawm tub ceev xwm zais cia.

Cov neeg qhia lees txais cov neeg saib xyuas, cov neeg nqa khoom, cov tub ceev xwm hla tebchaws, cov neeg ua haujlwm. Lawv yuav tsum tau ceeb toom ib tus neeg tsis txaus siab rau hauv cheeb tsam tus neeg saib xyuas, mus rauuas lawv tau txuas nrog. Tsis zoo li cov neeg sau ntawv, cov neeg qhia tsis tau suav tias yog cov neeg ua haujlwm puv sijhawm, yog li lawv tsis muaj cai tau nyiaj hli tas mus li. Lawv tau them rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm ib mus rau kaum tsib rubles.

Perlustrators

Cov neeg tshwj xeeb tau koom nrog kev nyeem ntawv ntiag tug. Qhov no hu ua perusal. Qhov kev lig kev cai no tau muaj txij li lub sijhawm Benckendorff, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm ntau dua tom qab kev tua neeg ntawm Alexander II.

Lub npe hu ua lub chaw haujlwm dub muaj nyob hauv txhua lub nroog loj hauv tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib koom ua ke tau zoo heev uas cov neeg ua haujlwm lawv tus kheej tsis paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov chav nyob hauv lwm qhov chaw.

Network of Domestic Agents

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau nce ntxiv vim muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sab hauv. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau nkag mus rau hauv ntau lub koom haum thiab ob tog uas tswj hwm lawv cov haujlwm.

Muaj txawm tias muaj kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm zais cia. Nws qhia kev nyiam rau cov uas yav dhau los tau koom nrog hauv kev nom kev tswv, nrog rau kev ua phem lossis tsis txaus siab rau tog neeg, cov neeg tsis muaj zog-yuav ntxeev siab. Lawv tau them ntawm tsib thiab 500 rubles ib hlis, nyob ntawm seb cov txiaj ntsig lawv tau coj los thiab lawv cov xwm txheej. Lawv txoj haujlwm kev nce qib hauv cov tog neeg tau txhawb nqa. Qee lub sij hawm qhov no txawm tau pab los ntawm kev ntes cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg siab dua.

Tam sim no tub ceev xwm tau ceev faj cov neeg tuaj yeem tuaj yeem koom nrog kev tiv thaiv pej xeem vim muaj coob tus neeg poob rau hauv pawg no.

Txhob Cia Siab

Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas raug xaiv los ntawm tub ceev xwm zais cia tsis txwv rau kev xa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau tub ceev xwm thiab kev soj ntsuam. Feem ntau lawv tau ua hauj lwm nrog instigating ua rau cov tswv cuab ntawm ib lub koom haum txhaum cai yuav raug ntes. Piv txwv li, cov neeg sawv cev tau muab cov ncauj lus qhia ntxaws txog lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam, tom qab ntawd nws tsis yooj yim rau tub ceev xwm ntes cov neeg raug liam.

Nws paub tias tus tsim CIA, Allen Dulles, them tribute rau Lavxias teb sab provocateurs, sau tseg tias lawv tsa cov khoom siv tes ua no mus rau theem ntawm kev kos duab. Dulles tau hais tias qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas Okhrana tau txais txoj hauv kev ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov neeg tawm tsam. Cov kev txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab provocateurs zoo siab ib tug American txawj ntse tub ceev xwm, uas muab piv rau lawv cov cim nyob rau hauv Fyodor Dostoyevsky cov dab neeg.

Azef thiab Malinovsky

Evno Azef
Evno Azef

Tus neeg tawm tsam nto moo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm yog Yevno Azef. Nws ib txhij coj lub Socialist-Revolutionary Party thiab yog ib tug tub ceev xwm zais cia. Tsis yog tsis muaj laj thawj, nws raug suav hais tias ncaj qha koom nrog hauv kev tsim kev tua neeg ntawm Minister of Interior ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws Plehve thiab Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li Azef, ntau tus neeg paub zoo ntawm lub koom haum Socialist-Revolutionary militants raug ntes, nws yog tus neeg sawv cev them nyiaj siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, tau txais txog ib txhiab rubles ib hlis.

Roman Malinovsky, ib tug ntawm Bolsheviks uas tau nyob ze nrog Vladimir Lenin, kuj yog ib tug ua tau zoo provocateur. Nws tau pab tub ceev xwm ib ntus los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov rooj sib tham zais cia thiab cov rooj sib tham zais cia.cov tswv cuab ntawm tib tog, qhov chaw ntawm cov tsev luam ntawv hauv av. Txog rau lub sijhawm kawg, Lenin tsis kam ntseeg qhov kev ntxeev siab ntawm nws tus phooj ywg, nws muaj nuj nqis rau nws heev.

Vim li ntawd, nrog kev pab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, Malinovsky txawm ua tiav kev xaiv tsa rau Lub Xeev Duma, thiab los ntawm Bolshevik pawg.

Secrets ntawm huab tais secret police
Secrets ntawm huab tais secret police

Cov ntsiab lus hais txog nws thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev uas tau tso lawv cov cim hauv keeb kwm tau piav qhia hauv Vladimir Zhukhrai txoj kev kawm "Secrets of the tsarist secret police: adventurers and provocateurs". Phau ntawv tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1991. Nws piav qhia meej txog qhov kev xav tsis zoo thiab kev tawm tsam tom qab hauv qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog, cov kev tswj hwm ntawm Tsarist Russia, tub ceev xwm zais cia thiab tub ceev xwm. Tus sau ntawm "Secrets of the Tsarist Okhrana" siv cov ntawv sau cia thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ua lub hauv paus, ua kom nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav nom tswv hauv tebchaws.

Nraug tua neeg

Stolypin txoj kev tua neeg
Stolypin txoj kev tua neeg

Kev tua neeg ntawm Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Stolypin xyoo 1911 yog suav tias yog ib qho xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Tsarist Russia. Tus thawj coj raug tua los ntawm anarchist Dmitry Bogrov, uas kuj yog tus neeg qhia zais cia rau Okhrana. Nws tua Stolypin ob zaug taw tes-dawb ntawm lub tsev opera hauv Kyiv.

Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav, tus thawj coj ntawm chaw saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg hauv Kyiv Nikolai Kulyabko thiab lub taub hau ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas lub palace Alexander Spiridovich yog cov neeg raug liam. Tab sis sawv cev ntawm Nicholas II, qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau txiav tam sim ntawd.

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias ob leeg Spiridovich thiab Kulyabko lawv tus kheej tau koom nrog kev tua neeg ntawm Stolypin. Piv txwv li,Zhukhrai thov nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv hais tias lawv tsis tau tsuas yog paub hais tias Bogrov tab tom npaj tua Stolypin, tab sis kuj pab txhawb rau qhov no nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. Vim li ntawd lawv thiaj ntseeg nws cov lus dab neeg hais txog ib tug SR uas tsis paub yuav mus tua tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws, lawv thiaj tso cai rau nws nkag mus rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam nrog riam phom los nthuav tawm cov neeg ua phem xav txog.

Kev tawm tsam nrog Bolsheviks

Keeb kwm ntawm Bolsheviks nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia
Keeb kwm ntawm Bolsheviks nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia

Tom qab lub koom haum ua tub rog ntawm Social Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks yog qhov kev hem thawj rau kev ywj pheej. Kev mloog zoo tau riveted rau lawv los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau theem. Nikolai Starikov sau txog qhov no kom meej nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Bolsheviks nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Tsarist Okhrana."

Ntawm cov neeg coob coob hauv tebchaws Russia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws yog Bolshevik uas sawv tawm rau nws lub hom phiaj thiab kev ncaj ncees.

Nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev kawm, tus sau piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov tsarist secret tub ceev xwm thiab cov revolutionaries interacted. Raws li nws hloov tawm, muaj ntau tus neeg ntxeev siab, provocateurs thiab ob tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Bolsheviks. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no tau khaws cia hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Phau ntawv muaj cov ntawv ceeb toom soj ntsuam, tog neeg lub npe, cov ntawv qhib.

Kev ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws

Txij xyoo 1883, Okhrana ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws. Hauv Paris, ib chav tsev tau tsim los saib xyuas cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw nrog cov kev xav hloov pauv. Ntawm lawv yog Peter Lavrov, Maria Polonskaya, Lev Tikhomirov, Peter Kropotkin. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev suav nrog tsis yog cov neeg Lavxias nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg Fabkis hauv zos uas yog pej xeem.

Ua ntej 1902Peter Rachkovsky yog tus thawj coj ntawm tub ceev xwm txawv teb chaws. Cov xyoo no suav hais tias yog hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Nws yog thaum ntawd lub tsev luam ntawv Narodnaya Volya hauv Switzerland raug rhuav tshem. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd Rachkovsky nws tus kheej poob tawm ntawm qhov kev pom zoo, uas xav tias yuav koom tes nrog tsoomfwv Fab Kis.

Thaum Minister ntawm Sab Hauv Plehve tau paub txog kev sib txuas tsis zoo ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tub ceev xwm txawv teb chaws, nws tam sim ntawd xa General Silvestrov mus rau Paris los xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Tsis ntev Silvestrov raug pom tuag, thiab tus neeg sawv cev uas tsis lees paub Rachkovsky kuj pom tuag. Nws raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pabcuam. Nws tau tswj hwm nws txoj haujlwm txuas ntxiv hauv xyoo 1905 hauv tub ceev xwm hauv qab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Trepov.

Pom zoo: