Cov phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias niaj hnub muaj ntau cov lus paub zoo, uas tuaj yeem sau nrog qhov yuam kev. Piv txwv li, koj sau lub tsev kawm ntawv lossis lub tsev kawm ntawv li cas? Lo lus no tuaj qhov twg los? Thiab nws txhais li cas? Txoj cai li cas? Lub koom haum lossis lub koom haum? Yuav kom teb lo lus nug no kom raug, peb yuav tsum rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus no.
Keeb kwm ntawm lo lus
Institution yog lo lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Cov lus no yog los ntawm "tsim" (uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tau tsim los ntawm lub prefix u- thiab qub Slavonic tig, tig). Yog li muaj, muaj tsab ntawv khiav e !
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, lo lus "lub koom haum" tshwm sim - raws li qee lub koom haum kev sib raug zoo nrog qee lub zog.
Dab tsi yog cov koom haum
Ib tsoom fwv yog ib lub koom haum uas sau tej ntaub ntawv uas pej xeem nyiam. Kev tswj hwm se yuav suav tau tias yog ib qho piv txwv classic ntawm tsoomfwv lub tsev haujlwm.
Ib lub tuam tsev hauv nroog yog ib chav haujlwm uas tau saib xyuas los ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nroog. Piv txwv ntawm cov tsev kawm hauv nroog suav nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv.
Synonyms
Hauv Lavxias niaj hnub no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "lub koom haum" lossis "chaw haujlwm" yog lub koom haum, chaw haujlwm, chaw pej xeem, chaw haujlwm. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov qhov "lub koom haum" complex hauv tsab ntawv.
Spelling
Puas yog "Institution" lossis "Institution" sau ua lus Lavxias? Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj daim ntawv teev npe rau lo lus no. Nws yuav zoo li tias peb cov lus tsis zam ntau tus lej ntawm cov lus thaum pib ntawm cov lus - yog li, lo lus "lub koom haum" tau hnov ntau dua hauv kev hais lus.
Tab sis cov kev cai ntawm cov lus Lavxias qhia peb tias tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg - "lub koom haum" lossis "lub koom haum". Tsuas yog cov version "institution" raug suav hais tias yog - tsis muaj "e". Tsis muaj cov lus xeem, yog li kev sau ntawv yuav tsum nco ntsoov. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no uas peb tau raws li lo lus no nyob rau hauv niaj hnub cov khoom thiab official ntaub ntawv, qhov no yog li cas nws yog sau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm qhov chaw.
Rise of koom haum
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsev kawm tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho cov koom haum kab lis kev cai. Thawj qhov chaw so rau cov chav kawm nplua nuj tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1770.
Cov tsev kawm ntawv rau cov chav kawm sab saud tau theej los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv Askiv zoo sib xws. Nws tsis yog coincidence tias thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia tsim rau kev lom zem thiab kev ua si yog lub English Club. Nws tau nrov heev ntawm cov kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd: N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, I. A. Krylov tau ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua ntawm English Club. Los ntawm keeb kwm kev xav, A. S. Pushkin yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog tus tswv cuab nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Askiv Club. Cov tsev kawm ntawv rau cov neeg ntawm noble vaj tse sai sai kis mus rau lwm lub nroog ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev. Tom qab ntawd, cov zoo sib xws pib tsim rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov chav kawm - tub lag luam, tub ceev xwm. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thawj lub koom haum tau tshwm sim uas koom ua ke tib neeg tsis nyob hauv chav kawm, tab sis los ntawm kev txaus siab - Chess Club.
Institutions for the people
Nyob rau nthwv dej ntawm pej xeem, thawj cov chaw tsim khoom tsim rau pej xeem sawv daws. Lub npe hu ua neeg lub tsev yog npaj rau cov pej xeem. Ib tug tib neeg lub tsev nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam nroog Lavxias yog lub tsev qiv ntawv nrog chav nyeem ntawv, chav rau kev qhuab qhia, thiab tsev kawm hnub Sunday. Xws li "lub koom haum" lossis "lub koom haum" feem ntau dhau los ua qhov chaw rau kev nthuav tawm, muag phau ntawv, thiab ntau yam kev sib raug zoo. Cov tsev zoo li no tau tsim los ntawm kev siv zemstvos, cov neeg saib xyuas ntiag tug, thiab cov koom haum hauv nroog. Thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm 19th-20th centuries, tib neeg lub tsev tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm - piv txwv li, Tib Neeg Lub Tsev ntawm Kharkov Literacy Society.
Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, tib neeg lub tsev thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm cov koom haum tau txais txoj hauv kev tshiab hauv kev tshaj tawm kev kawm rau pej xeem. Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Kawg, kev siv zog ntawm tsoomfwv tshiab tau tsom mus rau kev nthuav tawm tib neeg lub tsev nyob rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Kev sib tw tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim rau qhov chaw nyuaj thiab nyob debthiab steamboats.
Public libraries
Cov tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam. Thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv Slavic paub tau sau los ntawm Yaroslav the Wise. Nyob rau hauv lub XV-XVII centuries, cov tsev qiv ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv loj monasteries thiab lub tsev hais plaub huab tais. Tom qab tsim kev luam ntawv, cov tsev qiv ntawv tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev ntawm cov nom tswv thiab cov txiv plig. Xyoo 1714, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter the Great, thawj lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm kev ntseeg thiab sab ntsuj plig tau tsim.
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv nroog tau tshwm sim nrog rau kev tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab theem nrab. Tom qab xyoo 1917, tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv nroog.
Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Loj Loj, ntau dua 40 txhiab tus neeg lub koom haum thiab tsev qiv ntawv raug rhuav tshem, tab sis tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua phem, lub network ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv tau rov qab los sai sai.
Ob lub tuam tsev hauv nroog thiab xeev tau pom sai sai pom lawv cov neeg tuaj saib. Yog li cov "cov koom haum" no tau tshwm sim hauv kev hais lus, uas nyuaj rau sau thiab hais tsis raug.
Peb xav tias txij no mus nws yuav tsis tshwm sim rau leej twg tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm lo lus no. Cov kev tsis ntseeg zoo li "lub tsev kawm ntawv" lossis "lub tsev kawm ntawv" yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj rau leej twg - muaj cov ntawv txhais lus hauv daim ntawv thiab daim ntawv hluav taws xob los kuaj kev sau ntawv.
