Koj puas tau xav paub dab tsi cov tshuaj tsis meej amorphous yog dab tsi? Hauv cov qauv, lawv txawv ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kua. Qhov tseeb yog tias lub cev zoo li no nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshwj xeeb condensed, uas tsuas muaj kev txiav txim luv luv xwb. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj amorphous yog resin, iav, amber, roj hmab, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (peb nyiam lub qhov rais yas), ntau yam polymers, thiab lwm yam. Cov no yog cov khib nyiab uas tsis muaj cov iav siv lead ua. Lawv kuj muaj xws li sealing ciab, ntau yam nplaum, ebonite thiab plastics.
Cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj amorphous
Thaum sib cais, lub ntsej muag tsis tsim nyob rau hauv amorphous lub cev. Cov hais yog kiag li random thiab nyob ze rau ib leeg. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si tuab thiab viscous. Lawv cuam tshuam li cas los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud? Nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam kub, lub cev ua kua, zoo li kua, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm elastic heev. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum qhov kev cuam tshuam sab nraud tsis kav ntev, cov khoom ntawm cov qauv amorphous tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv daim nrog lub tshuab muaj zog. ntevsab nraud cuam tshuam ua rau lawv yooj yim ntws.
Sim me ntsis resin sim hauv tsev. Muab nws tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tawv thiab koj yuav pom tias nws pib ntws zoo. Yog lawm, nws yog ib qho tshuaj amorphous! Qhov ceev nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas kub. Yog hais tias siab heev, cov resin yuav pib kis sai sai.
Dab tsi ntxiv rau lub cev zoo li no? Lawv tuaj yeem ua txhua yam. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj amorphous nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom me me tau muab tso rau hauv lub nkoj, piv txwv li, hauv ib lub thawv, ces lawv kuj yuav siv lub nkoj. Lawv kuj yog isotropic, uas yog, lawv nthuav tawm tib lub cev lub cev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia.
Muab thiab hloov mus rau lwm lub xeev. Hlau thiab iav
Lub xeev amorphous tsis hais txog kev saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias. Ntawm tus nqi qis, lub cev khov, ntawm tus nqi siab, lawv yaj. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov degree ntawm viscosity ntawm cov tshuaj no kuj nyob ntawm qhov no. Qhov kub qis ua rau txo viscosity, kub siab, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce nws.
Rau cov tshuaj ntawm hom amorphous, ib qho ntxiv tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv - kev hloov pauv mus rau lub xeev crystalline, thiab spontaneous. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Lub zog sab hauv hauv lub cev crystalline yog tsawg dua li hauv ib qho amorphous. Peb tuaj yeem pom qhov no hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom iav - dhau sijhawm, iav ua huab.
iav hlau - yog dab tsi? Cov hlau tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice hauvThaum lub sij hawm melting, uas yog, los ua ib qho khoom ntawm amorphous qauv glassy. Thaum lub sij hawm solidification nyob rau hauv cov khoom cua txias, siv lead ua lattice yog tsim dua. Amorphous hlau tsuas yog amazing tiv thaiv corrosion. Piv txwv li, lub tsheb lub cev ua los ntawm nws yuav tsis xav tau ntau yam txheej, vim nws yuav tsis raug kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim. Cov tshuaj amorphous yog lub cev uas nws cov qauv atomic muaj lub zog tsis tau muaj dua, uas txhais tau hais tias cov hlau amorphous tuaj yeem siv rau hauv txhua qhov kev lag luam.
Crystal qauv ntawm cov khoom
Yuav kom paub zoo txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog lawv, koj yuav tsum muaj kev paub txog cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm qee yam khoom. Kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau thiab kev lag luam metallurgy yuav tsis tuaj yeem tau txais kev txhim kho zoo li no yog tias tib neeg tsis muaj kev paub txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlau, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm.
plaub lub xeev ntawm qhov teeb meem
Nws paub zoo tias muaj plaub lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau: khoom, kua, gaseous, ntshav. Cov khoom amorphous tseem tuaj yeem ua crystalline. Nrog xws li cov qauv, spatial periodicity nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm hais tuaj yeem pom. Cov khoom no hauv cov muaju tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cev uas peb soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous los yog kua lub xeev, ib tug tuaj yeem pom qhov txav ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug chaotic teeb meem. Amorphous solids (xws li hlau hauvcondensed xeev: ebonite, iav khoom, resins) tuaj yeem hu ua cov kua dej khov, vim tias thaum lawv hloov pauv, koj tuaj yeem pom cov yam ntxwv zoo li viscosity.
Qhov txawv ntawm amorphous lub cev los ntawm cov pa roj thiab kua
Kev tshwm sim ntawm plasticity, elasticity, hardening thaum lub sij hawm deformation yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau lub cev. Cov khoom siv crystalline thiab amorphous muaj cov yam ntxwv no ntau dua, thaum cov kua thiab cov pa roj tsis ua. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, koj tuaj yeem pom tias lawv pab txhawb kev hloov pauv hauv ntim.
Crystalline thiab amorphous tshuaj. Mechanical thiab Physical Properties
Dab tsi yog crystalline thiab amorphous tshuaj? Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, amorphous tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub cev uas muaj cov viscosity coefficient loj, thiab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias lawv cov fluidity tsis yooj yim sua. Tab sis qhov kub thiab txias, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tso cai rau lawv ua kua, zoo li kua.
Crystal-hom tshuaj zoo li txawv kiag li. Cov khib nyiab no tuaj yeem muaj lawv tus kheej melting point nyob ntawm qhov siab sab nraud. Tau txais crystals yog ua tau yog tias cov kua txias. Yog tias koj tsis ua qee yam kev ntsuas, ces koj tuaj yeem pom tias ntau qhov chaw ntawm crystallization pib tshwm hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ib puag ncig cov chaw zov me nyuam, qhov tsim ntawm ib qho khoom tshwm sim. Cov muaju me me pib ua ke nrog ib leeg hauv kev txiav txim siab, thiab tau txais lub npe hu ua polycrystal. Lub cev zoo li noisotropic.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom
Dab tsi txiav txim siab lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev? Atomic bonds yog ib qho tseem ceeb, ib yam li cov qauv siv lead ua. Ionic crystals yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ionic bonds, uas txhais tau hais tias kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho atom mus rau lwm qhov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsim ntawm zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi hais. Peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov ionic daim ntawv cog lus hauv qhov piv txwv yooj yim - cov yam ntxwv zoo li no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam oxides thiab ntsev. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm ionic crystals yog qhov tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob ntawm cov cua sov, tab sis nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem nce ntxiv thaum rhuab. Nyob rau ntawm cov pob txha siv lead ua lattice, koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam molecules uas txawv ntawm cov atomic bonds muaj zog.
Ntau cov zaub mov uas peb pom txhua qhov chaw hauv qhov xwm txheej muaj cov qauv crystalline. Thiab lub xeev amorphous ntawm cov teeb meem kuj yog xwm nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv purest. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub cev yog ib yam dab tsi formless, tab sis cov muaju muaj peev xwm coj daim ntawv ntawm cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws polyhedra nrog lub ntsej muag tiaj tus, raws li zoo raws li tsim tshiab khoom lub cev ntawm amazing kev zoo nkauj thiab purity.
Crystals yog dab tsi? Amorphous-crystalline qauv
Cov duab ntawm lub cev zoo li no tas li rau qee qhov kev sib txuas. Piv txwv li, beryl ib txwm zoo li hexagonal prism. Ua ib qho kev sim me ntsis. Siv ib lub pob zeb me me ntawm cubic ntsev (pob) thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb raws li qhov ua tau nrog tib cov ntsev. Sij hawm dhau mus, koj yuav pom tias lub cev no tseem tsis tau hloov pauv - nws tau txais duacov duab ntawm lub voos xwmfab los yog ib lub pob, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv ntsev muaju.
Amorphous-crystalline tshuaj yog lub cev zoo li no tuaj yeem muaj ob theem amorphous thiab crystalline. Dab tsi cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov qauv zoo li no? Feem ntau sib txawv ntawm qhov ntim thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom no yog cov khoom siv los ntawm ceramics, porcelain, iav-ceramic. Los ntawm lub rooj ntawm cov khoom siv nrog cov qauv amorphous-crystalline, nws tau paub tias cov plooj (porcelain) muaj qhov feem pua ntawm cov iav theem siab tshaj plaws. Cov lej hloov pauv ntawm 40-60 feem pua. Peb yuav pom cov ntsiab lus qis tshaj hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm pob zeb casting - tsawg dua 5 feem pua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov vuas ceramic yuav muaj kev nqus dej ntau dua.
Raws li koj paub, cov khoom siv xws li porcelain, ceramic vuas, pob zeb casting thiab iav-ceramics yog amorphous-crystalline tshuaj, vim hais tias lawv muaj glassy theem thiab tib lub sij hawm muaju nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm iav theem hauv nws.
Amorphous hlau
Kev siv cov tshuaj amorphous yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cov hlau ua kom txias sai yog nquag siv hauv kev phais. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev txhim kho cuam tshuam nrog nws, ntau tus neeg tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm nws tus kheej tom qab raug mob hnyav. Qhov khoom yog tias cov khoom ntawm cov qauv amorphous yog ib qho zoo heev biomaterial rau implantation nyob rau hauv cov pob txha. Tau txaistshwj xeeb screws, daim hlau, pins, pins yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj. Yav dhau los, steel thiab titanium tau siv rau cov hom phiaj hauv kev phais. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias cov tshuaj amorphous decompose qeeb heev hauv lub cev, thiab cov cuab yeej zoo no ua rau cov pob txha pob txha rov zoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom raug hloov los ntawm cov pob txha.
Kev siv cov tshuaj amorphous hauv metrology thiab precision mechanics
Txoj kev kho kom raug raws li qhov tseeb, thiab yog li nws tau hu ua li ntawd. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam no, nrog rau hauv metrology, yog ua los ntawm ultra-precise indicators of Measures instruments; qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub cev amorphous hauv cov khoom siv. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev ntsuas kom raug, chav kuaj thiab kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv cov koom haum hauv kev kho tshuab thiab physics, cov tshuaj tshiab tau txais, thiab kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tau txhim kho.
YPolymers
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj amorphous yog polymers. Lawv tuaj yeem maj mam hloov los ntawm cov khoom mus rau cov kua, thaum crystalline polymers yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus melting, tsis yog qhov muag muag. Lub cev lub cev ntawm amorphous polymers yog dab tsi? Yog tias koj muab cov khoom no rau qhov kub thiab txias, koj tuaj yeem pom tias lawv yuav nyob rau hauv lub khob iav thiab nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm cov khib nyiab. Maj mam cua sov ua rau cov polymers pib txav mus rau hauv lub xeev ntawm elasticity.
Amorphous tshuaj, piv txwv ntawm peb nyuam qhuav muab, tau siv ntau hauvkev lag luam. Lub xeev superelastic tso cai rau cov polymers kom deformed nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev, thiab lub xeev no tau tiav vim muaj zog ntawm kev sib txuas thiab molecules. Ib qho ntxiv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ua rau lub fact tias cov polymer tau txais ntau dua elastic zog. Nws pib dhau mus rau hauv cov kua dej tshwj xeeb thiab lub xeev khov.
Yog tias koj tawm hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis tswj hwm thiab tsis tiv thaiv qhov kub thiab txias ntxiv, cov polymer yuav raug degradation, uas yog, kev puas tsuaj. Lub xeev viscous qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov units ntawm macromolecule yog mobile heev. Thaum lub polymer molecule ntws, cov kev sib txuas tsis tsuas yog ncaj tawm, tab sis kuj tuaj ze rau ib leeg. Intermolecular kev txiav txim hloov cov polymer mus rau hauv ib yam khoom nyuaj (rubber). Cov txheej txheem no hu ua mechanical glass transition. Cov khoom uas tshwm sim yog siv los tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab fibers.
Polyamides, polyacrylonitriles tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov khoom siv polymers. Ua ib zaj duab xis polymer, koj yuav tsum tau yuam cov polymers los ntawm cov tuag uas muaj ib lub qhov slotted thiab siv lawv rau daim kab xev. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, ntim cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov hauv paus rau cov hlau nplaum nplaum yog tsim. Polymers kuj suav nrog ntau yam kua roj vanish (ua npuas dej hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic), cov nplaum thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas, cov khoom sib xyaw (polymer puag nrog muab tub lim), plastics.
Polymer applications
Cov tshuaj amorphous no tau ruaj khov hauv peb lub neej. Lawv raug siv rau txhua qhov chaw. Cov no suav nrog:
1. Ntau lub hauv paus rauKev tsim cov kua roj vanish, kua nplaum, cov khoom yas (phenol-formaldehyde resins).
2. Elastomers lossis hluavtaws roj hmab.
3. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob insulating yog polyvinyl chloride, lossis cov yas PVC qhov rais uas paub zoo. Nws tiv taus hluav taws, raws li nws suav hais tias yog kev kub hnyiab, tau ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev.
4. Polyamide yog ib yam khoom uas muaj zog heev thiab hnav tsis kam. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv siab dielectric.
5. Plexiglas, los yog polymethyl methacrylate. Peb tuaj yeem siv nws hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob engineering lossis siv los ua cov khoom siv rau cov qauv.
6. Fluoroplast, los yog polytetrafluoroethylene, yog ib qho zoo-paub dielectric uas tsis pom cov khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ntawm cov organic keeb kwm. Nws qhov kub thiab txias ntau thiab cov khoom zoo dielectric tso cai rau nws siv los ua cov khoom siv hydrophobic lossis los tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam.
7. Polystyrene. Cov khoom no tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm acids. Nws, zoo li fluoroplastic thiab polyamide, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog dielectric. Heev ruaj heev hais txog mechanical cuam tshuam. Polystyrene yog siv rau txhua qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, nws tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej zoo li cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob insulating. Nws yog siv hauv hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj cua engineering.
8. Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws polymer rau peb yog polyethylene. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tiv thaiv thaum raug rau ib puag ncig txhoj puab heev, nws kiag li tsis pub ya raws los ntawm. Yog tias lub ntim yog ua los ntawm polyethylene, koj tsis tuaj yeem ntshai tias cov ntsiab lus yuav deteriorate nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog.nag. Polyethylene kuj yog dielectric. Nws daim ntawv thov yog dav. Cov qauv yeeb nkab, ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, insulating zaj duab xis, sheaths rau cables ntawm xov tooj thiab fais fab kab, qhov chaw rau xov tooj cua thiab lwm yam khoom siv yog tsim los ntawm nws.
9. PVC yog cov khoom siv polymer siab. Nws yog hluavtaws thiab thermoplastic. Nws muaj cov qauv ntawm cov molecules uas yog asymmetrical. Yuav luag tsis dhau dej thiab yog tsim los ntawm nias nrog stamping thiab molding. Polyvinyl chloride yog siv feem ntau hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus, ntau yam cua sov-insulating hoses thiab hoses rau tshuaj tiv thaiv, roj teeb tsev txhab nyiaj, insulating lub tes tsho thiab gaskets, xov hlau thiab cables yog tsim. PVC kuj yog ib qho kev hloov zoo heev rau cov hlau lead tsis zoo. Nws tsis tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho hluav taws xob ntau zaus hauv daim ntawv ntawm dielectric. Thiab tag nrho vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub dielectric losses yuav siab. Ua tau zoo heev.
