Txhua yam lus, suav nrog Lavxias, muaj ntau cov lus. Tab sis cov chav kawm lus lus no tsis txhais tau dab tsi yam tsis muaj qhov tseeb formatting. Qhov no yog qhov uas syntax los ua ke. Cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov lus rau hauv kab lus, uas ua rau tib neeg hais lus, sau thiab qhov ncauj. Kev paub txog ntu tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm hom lus no yuav pab koj kom raug thiab tsim tau koj cov kev xav. Syntax nyob rau hauv cov lus system, lub hauv paus units ntawm syntax thiab xav txog hauv qab no.
Syntax yog ib ceg tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb lus
Cov qauv ntawm cov lus sib dhos, lawv lub ntsiab lus thiab kev sib cuam tshuam yog kawm los ntawm ntu ntawm kab lus hu ua "syntax". Nws yog ib lo lus Greek keeb kwm, txhais tau tias "sib xyaw" lossis "kev tsim kho". Yog li, ntu kawm yuav ua li cas raws nraim los ntawm tag nrho cov lus los tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm syntax - kab lus thiab kab lus. Yog hais tias nqe lus no ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv tau kawm nyob rau theem tsim nyog, kev hais lus yuav sib haum xeeb, muaj laj thawj thiab sib txawv.
Inseparable ntawmsyntax muaj feem xyuam rau cov cim cim. Qhov no yog ib qho kev cai tswj xyuas cov cim cim. Lawv pab faib cov ntawv rau hauv kab lus, nrog rau kev teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Basic units
Cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax yog cov kab lus thiab kab lus. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab lub hom phiaj. Syntax units kuj muaj xws li cov ntawv nyeem thiab ib tug complex syntactic integer.
Cia peb paub seb cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov syntax yog dab tsi. Lub rooj yuav pab tau qhov no.
| nqe lus | Kev | |
| Tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus, ua haujlwm rau grammatical thiab semantic kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus nrog ib leeg. | Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus chav sib txuas lus, ua haujlwm rau kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv. Predictative. | |
| Simple | Complex | |
| Ib kab lus grammatical | Ob lub hauv paus grammatical | |
| Catch the net, ntoo rooj, qeeb qeeb, dhia siab. |
Niaj hnub no zoo nkauj heev. Nws tu siab heev. |
Kuv tuaj los thov qhuas. Xwm los rau txoj sia: nyob rau qee qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem hnov cov noog uas tuaj txog. |
kev sib raug zoo
Yog li peb tau hais tias syntax yog dab tsi, cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax. Syntactic links txiav txim seb qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tom kawg raug siv li cas. Muaj ob hom kev sib txuas uas tuaj yeem txuas cov lus hauv ib kab lus uas tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus: kev sib koom tes thiab subordinating.
Thaum peb tham txog qhov kawg, nws txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem ua ib feem ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov uas yuav nyob ntawm nws. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov tseem ceeb - los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau nug ib lo lus nug, nyob ntawm - rau qhov nws muab tso.
Cia peb saib cov piv txwv: paub (dab tsi?) lub sijhawm. Hauv kab lus no, "paub" yuav yog lo lus tseem ceeb, "lub sijhawm" yuav nyob ntawm.
Kuv tsis paub tag kis yuav coj kuv mus. Ntawm no peb twb muaj ib tug complex kab lus nrog subordinating kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Los ntawm thawj - "Kuv paub" - peb nug ib lo lus nug rau tus subordinate (dab tsi?) "tag kis yuav coj kuv dab tsi".
Txoj kev xa tawm
Kev sib raug zoo nrog rau ntau txoj hauv kev. Qhov no yog qhov pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv kab lus.
- Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo: thaum tag nrho cov syntactic unit hloov, lo lus cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog hauv nws kuj hloov. Wicker pob tawb; wicker pob tawb, hais txog pob tawb wicker. Cov lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem yog cov koom nrog, cov lus qhia, cov lej lej thiab cov lus tshaj tawm.
- Control: cov lus nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tsis hloov, thaum lo lus tseem ceeb tuaj yeem hloov nws daim ntawv grammatical. Piav toj roob hauv pes - piav toj roob hauv pes - piav toj roob hauv pes - piav toj roob hauv pes. Cov lus nyob ntawm: cov nouns, verbs, adjectives thiab cardinal tooj.
- Adjacent: kev sib txuas nkaus xwb hauv lub ntsiab lus. Mus staggering, zoo nraug heev, mus ua haujlwm. Ntawm no, txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus yuav raug siv los ua tus neeg nyob.
kev sib txuas lus raug
Tsis zoo li kev sib koom ua ke, kev sib koom tes sib koom ua ke sib npaug sib npaug. Cov no tuaj yeem yog ob qho kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus: paj thiab tshuaj ntsuab, taug kev thiab zoo siab, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab lus nyuaj: "Txoj kev sai sai, tab sis kev ntxhov siab loj hlob hauv tsev."
Ntawm no peb tsis cais cov lus tseem ceeb thiab nyob ntawm qhov kev sib txuas, qhov kev sib txuas no yog tsim los ntawm intonation lossis nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Sib piv: "Nws taug kev, quaj, tsis pom leej twg. - Nws taug kev thiab quaj." Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, tsuas yog siv intonation, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, lub union thiab (coordinative txuas).
lus. Hom kab lus
Yog li, saum toj no nws tau piav qhia dab tsi yog cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax. Cov kab lus yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Nws yog ob lossis ntau lo lus txuas nrog lub ntsiab lus, intonationally lossis grammatically. Cov kab lus tau muab cais tawm ntawm kab lus, vim tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog ua raws li nram no: Nws yog drizzling sab nraum.
- Ua ntej, lub hauv paus grammatical yog txiav txim siab. Tsis yog ib lo lus. Los nag los nag.
- Tom ntej no, nug cov ntsiab lus: nag (dab tsi?) zoo.
- Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm qhov ua piv txwv: nws drizzling (qhov twg?) ntawm txoj kev.
Raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus lo lus tseem ceeb belongs rau, tag nrhokab lus muab faib ua nominal (oak rooj, txhua tus qhua muaj peev xwm kawm); hais lus (tam sim no, hais kom meej) thiab adverbial (lom zem heev, mus rau sab xis ntawm txoj kev, qhov chaw hauv khw).
Kuj kab lus muab faib ua yooj yim thiab complex.
Thawj zaug, tsuas yog ib lo lus nug xwb: lub hnub (dab tsi?) yog ci thiab ci. Cov complex muaj ntau dua. Sib piv: nyeem (dab tsi?) ib phau ntawv xov xwm (yooj yim) thiab nyeem (dab tsi) phau ntawv xov xwm kev tshawb fawb nrov. Hauv qhov piv txwv kawg, ib lo lus nug tseem raug nug los ntawm lo lus phau ntawv xov xwm mus rau lo lus nrov science, yog li kab lus nyuaj.
Qhia cov lus pub dawb thiab ua kom tiav. Thawj qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv uas txhua lo lus los ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus yog ib tug tag nrho-fledged tswv cuab ntawm kab lus. Qhov thib ob hauv kab lus tsis tau muab faib ua cov ntsiab lus. Tsuas yog ob tug tub ntxhais kawm dhau qhov kev sib tham nrog cov qhab nia zoo. "Ob tug tub kawm ntawv" yog ib kab lus tseem ceeb, tab sis nyob rau hauv kab lus nws ua raws li ib qho kev kawm, yog li nws tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv tag nrho.
Tsis yog ib lo lus
Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov lus tsis yog:
- Tshwj xeeb thiab kwv yees.
- Hmoob cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus.
- phraseological units (lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog tag nrho cov nqe lus uas yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm kab lus: peb viv ncaus, ib tug tub nrog ib tug ntxhais, thiab lwm yam).
- Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov lus ua haujlwm thiab ib feem ntawm kev hais lus: thaum nruab hnub (preposition thiab noun), nws puas (kev sib txuas thiab lus), dab tsi yog ignoramus (particle thiab noun).
- Cov ntawv nyuaj: Kuv yuav nyeem(lub neej yav tom ntej), siab tshaj (superlative), calmer (piv txwv), cia nws mus (tseem ceeb).
Kev thiab nws cov yam ntxwv
Peb twb paub lawm tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm syntax yog cov kab lus thiab kab lus, tab sis nws yog qhov kawg uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Tom qab tag nrho, peb cov lus muaj cov kab lus tseeb: peb xav thiab nrog lawv tham, ua cov ntawv sib txuas.
Dab tsi yog ib kab lus raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm syntax? Lub hauv paus grammatical yog qhov qhia tau tias nws txawv ntawm ib kab lus lossis cov lus yooj yim. Qhov no feature tseem hu ua predicativity, vim hais tias nws yog lub predicate uas yog ib qho qhia txog qhov tseeb los yog tsis muaj tseeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Nws yog qhia los ntawm lub siab xav ntawm cov lus qhia.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kab lus raws li lub hauv paus chav tsev ntawm syntax yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua kom tiav thiab intonational tiav. Qhov no yog ib nqe lus luv luv, lub formulation ntawm ib tug tej yam xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis meej pem nrog ib kab lus, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg yog tsis muaj kev xav kom tiav - nws tsuas yog ib tug grammatically txuas nrog cov lus.
qauv sau ntawv
Muaj lub hauv paus grammatical rau txhua kab lus. Qhov no yog qhov qhia txog nws cov qauv - tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Cov qia tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab cov lus qhia, lossis los ntawm txhua tus sib cais.
Piv txwv li, kab lus: "Peb pom thaj av uas tos ntev." Muaj ob tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm no. Lwm qhov yog qhov kev thovzoo li no: "Lub tebchaws uas tos ntev tau pom lawm." Ntawm no, los ntawm lub hauv paus, tsuas yog tus predicate - nws tau pom meej.
Nws yog qhov tseeb los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov kab mob uas tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau muab: kab lus yooj yim rau pem hauv ntej lossis ib qho nyuaj.
Cia peb saib sai sai ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab lus qhia peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus, qhia tias kab lus hais txog dab tsi. Lub predicate txhais tau hais tias qhov kev kawm ua dab tsi, nws yog dab tsi, leej twg lossis nws yog dab tsi. Muaj peb hom ntawm cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv thiab lub ntsiab lus: yooj yim thiab sib xyaw, hais lus thiab npe.
Dab tsi yog muab
kab lus yog qhov tseem ceeb uas kawm syntax. Cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax muaj ntau txoj hauv kev.
Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg tus kab mob tshwm sim, kab lus raug cais los ntawm:
- Lub hom phiaj ntawm nqe lus. Kev sib txuas lus ntawm lawv tus kheej, tib neeg tuaj yeem tshaj tawm qee qhov tseeb (cov kab lus tshaj tawm), nug (kev nug) lossis hu rau qee qhov kev nqis tes ua (kev txhawb siab). Thaum kawg ntawm cov syntactic units, raws li, ib lub sij hawm, lo lus nug cim los yog exclamation mark muab tso.
- Kev mob siab rau xim. Paub qhov txawv ntawm cov kab lus exclamatory thiab tsis yog exclamatory. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias yav dhau los yuav tsis tas yuav muaj kev txhawb zog nkaus xwb. Piv txwv li, kab lus: Qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo li cas! Peb yuav characterize nws li narrative tab sis exclamatory. Nws yog tag nrho cov txhaum ntawm lub modal particle uas qhia qhuas.
yam ntxwvkab lus yooj yim
Cov kab lus yooj yim yog cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax. Cia peb txheeb xyuas lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
- Ib feem lossis ob ntu. Lub hauv paus grammatical yuav qhia qhov no. Yog hais tias nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov tswv cuab, lub tswv yim yuav yog ib feem. Txwv tsis pub, ob feem. Yog tias kab lus tsuas muaj ib qho kev kawm lossis ib qho kev ua ntej, koj yuav tsum qhia nws hom (kuj los yog tsis kawg-tus kheej, npe lossis tsis yog tus kheej).
- Common los tsis. Cov tswv cuab me yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus yam ntxwv no. Yog tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm lawv, qhov kev thov yog ntau.
- ua tiav lossis tsis tiav. Cov tom kawg yog ib qho kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj: qee tus tswv cuab raug rho tawm hauv lawv. Yog li, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus tsis muaj kab lus nyob sib ze. Piv txwv li: "Koj puas nyeem phau ntawv?" - "Tsis yog, ib phau ntawv xov xwm." Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug yog kab lus tsis tiav.
- Ib kab lus yooj yim tuaj yeem nyuaj. Qhov no kuj yog ib qho ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv. Cov ntsiab lus nyuaj yog cais thiab cov tswv cuab theem nrab, ob qho tib si thiab tsis yog, nrog rau cov qauv tsim, cov lus qhia, kev thov rov hais dua.
kab lus yooj yim thiab nyuaj
Russian syntax muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lub ntsiab syntactic units yog cov kab lus yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Wb saib dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv.
Yog ib chav tsev syntactic muaj ib lub hauv paus grammatical, ces nws yuav yog kab lus yooj yim. Hnub no cua nrov heev. Tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov kev pom zoo yuav mus raws li kev npaj,saum toj no.
Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum ib chav tsev syntactic muaj ob peb yam yooj yim. Ces nws yuav yog ib kab lus nyuaj.
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog kom paub qhov txawv ib kab lus yooj yim nrog homogeneous predicates los ntawm ib qho nyuaj. Ntawm no koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib cov ntsiab lus. Yog tias nws yog ib yam khoom uas ua haujlwm sib txawv, ces kab lus yuav yooj yim. Cia peb saib cov piv txwv:
"Lawv taug kev hauv nroog thiab txaus siab rau lawv txoj kev ywj pheej tshiab." - "Lawv taug kev hauv nroog, thiab txoj kev ywj pheej tshiab tau muab lub zog rau lawv." Thawj qhov kev xav yog yooj yim. Muaj tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm no, nyuaj los ntawm homogeneous predicates: lawv taug kev, nyiam. Kab lus thib ob yuav nyuaj, vim tias muaj ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: lawv taug kev, lawv muab kev ywj pheej.
hom txuas hauv kab lus nyuaj
Raws li nws tau sau saum toj no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm syntax yog kab lus. Yog tias peb tham txog cov txheej txheem nyuaj, ces lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yuav yog hom kev sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw. Syntax tseem cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej no. Cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax, cov kab lus nyuaj, tuaj yeem suav nrog subordinating thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Nyob ntawm qhov no, muaj kev gradation rau hauv cov lus sib xyaw thiab cov kab lus nyuaj.
Cia saib txhua yam kom ntxaws ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab lus sib xyaw yog sib npaug. Qhov kev sib npaug no muab rau lawv nrog kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb, muaj tswv yim zoo. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv kev tsim khokab lus siv kev sib koom ua ke. Yog li, lo lus nug los ntawm ib kab lus yooj yim mus rau lwm qhov yog ua tsis tau.
Piv txwv: "Kuv xav tau txhua yam rov qab, tab sis qee yam ua rau kuv txoj hauv kev." Cov kab lus no yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke, cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm ib qho kev tawm tsam tab sis.
Tsis tas li ntawd, intonation plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kab lus nyuaj: thaum kawg ntawm txhua kab lus yooj yim, nws nqis mus - qhov no ua rau muaj kev ua tiav tiav.
Complex syntactic integer
Dab tsi lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab syntax suav nrog? Cov chav hauv paus ntawm syntax kuj yog cov kab lus nyuaj. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas ib tug nyob ntawm lwm tus. Ntawd yog, ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm cov kab lus no, koj tuaj yeem muab lo lus nug: "Qhov kev tshem tawm (dab tsi?) Peb tau mus rau qhov zais ntawm qhov muag prying."
Kev sib txuas zoo li no tau pom los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke thiab intonation nqis mus rau qhov kawg ntawm txhua kab lus yooj yim.
Tsis txhob hnov qab tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke. Nws txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom, tsuas yog intonation tiav: tus dej tsis muaj suab nrov thiab seething; cov nkoj caij nkoj ntawm nws ntshai tsam lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Peb xam pom tias Lavxias teb sab syntax suav nrog dab tsi. Cov ntsiab lus syntactic units, kab lus thiab kab lus, tsim lwm cov qauv hu ua complex syntactic tag nrho. Thiab nws, nyob rau hauv lem, twb tsim cov ntawv nyeem. Hauv nws, nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm syntax, muaj kev sib txuas, ob qho tib si grammatical thiab semantic thiabtxawm li cas los xij (piv txwv li, kev sib txuas nrog cov kab lus hauv qab no pib).
Dab tsi yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke sib xyaw ua ke? Qhov no yog ib pawg ntawm kab lus, yooj yim thiab complex, logically interconnected los ntawm ib lub tswv yim tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug complex syntactic tag nrho yog ib tug micro-lub ntsiab lus uas muaj ib tug nruab nrab lub ntsiab lus. Raws li txoj cai, nws tsuas yog txwv rau kab lus hais lus.
Nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim rau cov ntawv nyeem ua ib qho syntactic tag nrho. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog cov dab neeg luv luv nrog ib zaj dab neeg luv luv.
