Txhua txhua hnub, cov kab mob loj zuj zus nyob ib puag ncig peb, uas peb tsis pom, vim tias qhov loj ntawm cov kab mob me me uas lawv tsuas pom tau hauv qab lub tshuab ntsuas. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, ua pa, excretion thiab kev yug me nyuam yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lawv lub hlwb.
hom kab mob feem ntau
Txhua cov kab mob tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom, uas yog pawg raws li cov yam ntxwv hauv cov qauv, kev ua neej thiab kev noj haus:
- Bacteria. Cov no yog cov kab mob uas feem ntau muaj lub cev unicellular, qhov loj ntawm qhov tsis ntau tshaj kaum ntawm microns. Tag nrho cov kab mob no tau muab faib ua peb hom: spherical, rod-shaped thiab convoluted.
- Viruses. Cov kab mob no tsis muaj cov qauv ntawm tes, lawv lub cev qhov ntev yog ntsuas hauv nanometers, yog li cov kab mob tsuas tuaj yeem pom nrog lub tshuab tsom iav muaj zog. Lub cev ntawm tus kab mob yog tsim los ntawm cov protein thiab nucleic acid. Bacteriophages yog cov kab mob kab mob, microphages yog cov kab mob fungal.
- Ntsuab. Cov noCov kab mob microorganisms tsis siv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis los hloov cov tshuaj inorganic rau hauv cov organic, yog li lawv xav tau cov zaub mov npaj, uas lawv tau txais los ntawm ntau yam substrates. Fungi tuaj yeem tso cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg, ua rau kab mob.
- Yeast. Lub cev ntawm cov kab mob no feem ntau muaj cov duab sib npaug, cov qauv feem ntau yog unicellular. Cov poov xab faib los ntawm budding, tuaj yeem nyob hauv av, ntawm zaub mov, hauv cov khoom pov tseg.
Physiology ntawm microorganisms
Cov kab mob microorganisms, zoo li lwm yam kab mob nyob, kuj xav tau zaub mov thiab ua pa. Lawv loj hlob, sib npaug, tshem tawm cov khoom lwj thiab thaum kawg tuag. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov kab mob - qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tau txais cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv ntawm microbe.
Cov txheej txheem physiological ntawm cov kab mob muaj qee yam nta:
- microbes tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv cov pa oxygen thiab anoxic ib puag ncig;
- feem ntau cov microbes tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob txawm tias nyob hauv ib puag ncig hnyav tshaj;
- microbes muaj peev xwm hloov tau sai sai rau cov kev hloov pauv.
Ua pa thiab noj zaub mov ntawm cov kab mob yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas ua kom muaj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.
Yuav noj li cas?
Txoj kev pub mis rau ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob nyob ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv. Microbiology yog kev kawm txog lub neej ntawm microbes. Microbial khoom noj muaj peev xwmua qhov chaw sib txawv. Qee cov microbes siv cov teeb meem inorganic, dej thiab oxygen los tsim cov organic teeb meem rau kev noj haus. Lwm cov microbes pub rau cov organic teeb meem uas muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig.
Muaj ntau hom kev pub mis microbial:
- Passive diffusion. Cov zaub mov nkag mus rau hauv lub cell vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov khoom ntawm ob sab ntawm cytoplasmic membrane.
- Faceed diffusion. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim thaum lub concentration ntawm ib yam khoom sab nraud ntawm tes yog siab tshaj qhov concentration ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv nws. Kev hloov ntawm cov tshuaj yog ua los ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb uas khi cov molecule ntawm cov khoom thiab hloov mus rau cytoplasm.
- Activ transfer. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv tsawg heev concentration ntawm lub substrate nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud ib puag ncig. Nws yog ua los ntawm tag nrho cov tib cov proteins, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tus txheej txheem hloov lwm lub tsev yog nrog los ntawm lub zog noj.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm radicals. Txoj kev hloov cov tshuaj no yog nrog los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov molecule ntawm ib yam khoom rau hauv cov khoom. Kev hloov pauv yog ua los ntawm permease proteins.
Ntaus kab mob los ntawm kev noj zaub mov
Rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, cov kab mob yuav tsum tau noj cov khoom noj tas li. Nyob ntawm seb hom khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov kab mob, cov kev faib tawm hauv qab no ntawm pawg microbes tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- Autotrophs. Cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj no tsim cov tshuaj organic los ntawm inorganic ones los ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej sab nraud. Aminoautotrophs siv cua nitrogen molecules, phototrophs- hnub ci zog. Chemotrophs tau txais lub zog los ntawm oxidizing organic teeb meem.
- Heterotrophs. Lawv tsis tsim cov tshuaj organic ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis noj cov zaub mov npaj los ntawm ib puag ncig. Aminoheterotrophs siv nitrogen los ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Saprophytes tau txais cov organic teeb meem los ntawm cov kab mob tuag, thaum cov kab mob hloov mus rau lub neej ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
- Mixotrophs. Cov kab mob no tuaj yeem siv ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov organic.
Ua pa ntawm cov kab mob
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa, redox tshwm sim, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) yog tsim, uas accumulates tshuaj zog. Cov tshuaj oxidized tuaj yeem yog cawv, qabzib, organic acids, rog.
Los ntawm hom kev ua pa, tag nrho cov kab mob tau muab faib ua ob pawg:
- Aerobes. Cov kab mob uas muaj nyob rau hauv pab pawg no tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm molecular oxygen, uas lawv siv nyob rau hauv oxidative tshua.
- Anaerobes. Lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab sib npaug hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj pa oxygen, txij li cov txheej txheem ntawm ATP tsim tshwm sim los ntawm substrate phosphorylation.
- Facultative anaerobes. Cov kab mob no tuaj yeem siv ob txoj hauv kev ntawm oxidizing complex organic tshuaj, yog li lawv tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab sib npaug hauv ob qho tib si oxygen thiab anoxic ib puag ncig.
- YMicroaerophiles. Ib puag ncig zoo rau cov microbes no yog ib puag ncig uas txo cov pa oxygen.
- Capnophilickab mob. Lawv nquag loj hlob thiab muab ntau ntxiv nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbon dioxide nyob hauv huab cua.
Cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob tsuas yog ua tau yog tias muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim nyog rau lawv. Nrog rau cov khoom siv tas li ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog, cov hlwb yuav pib sib faib, cov kab mob yuav sib ntxiv, thiab ua rau lawv cov colony.
Qhov ntsuas kub ib puag ncig yuav tsum tsis txhob qis dua +6 degrees Celsius, qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw sov (+23 … +27 ° C). Cov kab mob uas muaj hom kev ua pa aerobic xav tau cov khoom noj tas li ntawm cov pa oxygen molecular, anaerobes, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, oxygen yog contraindicated.
Kev siv cov kab mob
Qee cov kab mob, cov kab mob thiab cov poov xab yog siv los npaj cov dej phwj tuaj kho cov nroj tsuag. Cov kab mob muaj peev xwm ua cov dej ntws pov tseg hauv lawv lub neej, txhim kho ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg kom tshem tawm ntau cov khoom pov tseg.
Cov txheej txheem purification yog ua raws li lub peev xwm ntawm qee hom kab mob kom hloov mus rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kua dej nkag. Cov pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob uas qhov nruab nrab nutrient yog tsim los loj hlob thiab nquag sib npaug. Muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov tshuaj complex rau hauv cov yooj yim dua.
Tus txiv neej yog khoom noj rau cov kab mob
Tsis yog txhua yam kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg. Ntau ntawm lawvhloov mus rau lub neej hauv tib neeg lub cev, ua rau muaj kab mob cab, ua rau muaj kab mob loj.
Parasites yog cov kab mob uas nyob sab hauv lossis ntawm lwm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob thiab pub rau nws. Parasites uas nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Qee zaum, kev tuag tshwm sim.
Qee cov kab mob, nkag mus rau hauv lub plab zom mov, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov microflora ntawm lub plab zom mov thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov as-ham. Cov kab mob yog cov kab mob ua rau cov kab mob uas ib tus neeg mob hnyav heev. Mushrooms yog cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem tso lawv cov cheeb tsam ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ntsia thawv daim hlau, ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg puas.
Nws yuav yooj yim dua rau cov kab mob cab kab mob txhawm rau txhim kho lawv lub neej ua haujlwm hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg tsis muaj zog, uas nws tiv thaiv tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kab mob microflora.
Nyob hauv kaw
Yuav kom paub siv cov kab mob me me lossis yuav ua li cas nrog lawv, koj yuav tsum nkag siab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem physiological. Yog tias koj tsim tag nrho cov xwm txheej rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib puag ncig tsim nyog rau lawv, ces cov microbes yuav nquag noj thiab ntau ntxiv. Cov kab mob tuaj yeem tua tau, tab sis cov txheej txheem siv sijhawm ntev heev.
