Hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej, tsis yog tsuas yog kev sib tham tseem ceeb xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev sib tham, vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm hauv cov ntawv nyeem yooj yim dua rau kev nkag siab, nws tuaj yeem khaws thiab nkag tau ntau zaus. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, nws ntseeg tau tias kev sau ntawv yog kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab tsis cuam tshuam. Qhov tseeb, hauv lub neej niaj hnub, tib neeg feem ntau tig mus rau hom epistolary. Yog li ntawd nws tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab txog kev sau ntawv thiab muaj kev txawj sau lawv.
Dab tsi yog "style"
txhais li cas los ntawm style hauv linguistics? Cov style ntawm kev hais lus, ntawv nyeem, sau ntawv yog ib txheej ntawm cov lus txhais tau tias ib tug neeg qhia nws txoj kev xav ntawm qhov ncauj lossis sau ntawv. Muaj tsib hom kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias:
- kwv txhiaj;
- artistic;
- journalistic;
- scientific;
- kev lag luam.
Qee tus linguists paub qhov txawv ob yam ntxiv: kev lees txim thiab kev sau ntawv. Cov tom kawg yog tsim nyog piav qhia ntxiv.
Type of letters
Epistolary style yog ib txheej txheej txheem lus uas siv los sau ntawv. Nws lub npe los ntawm Greek lo lus epistola, uas txhais tau tias "sau lus". Hauv ib qho xwm txheej lossis lwm qhov, qhov style no qiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus.
Nyob ntawm tus neeg nyob thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov lus, kev xa ntawv tau muab faib ua ntau hom, lossis hom kev sau ntawv:
- Unofficial.
- Official (ua lag luam).
Yog tias lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab ntawv yog kev sib pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, ces cov ntawv xov xwm no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tus qauv epistolary kuj tseem siv ntau zaus hauv kev sau xov xwm, thaum tus sau hauv nws tsab ntawv tuaj yeem hais txog tus neeg tshwj xeeb thiab tag nrho cov pej xeem, hu rau kev nqis tes ua.
Ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus qauv sau ntawv txawv, tab sis muaj qee yam uas sib sau ua ke. Hauv kev sau cov lus, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum ua raws li qee yam qauv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los cais tawm tus neeg nyob hauv thiab tus neeg nyob hauv, txhawm rau txiav txim siab lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv zej zog. Qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus kom raug thiab meej raws li qhov ua tau nrog kev pab ntawm cov cuab yeej lus uas raug xaiv rau qhov xwm txheej no.
Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj, tus sau cov ntawv tuaj yeem siv ntau yam kab lus thiab teeb cov kab lus. Kev sau ntawv feem ntau qhia txog tus cwj pwm thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv. Rau qhov ntau dua, qhov no tau nthuav tawm hauv kev sau ntawv tsis raug cai, thaum tus sau muaj ntau lub sijhawm los siv cov lus qub.tig los yog lwm yam kev xa ib qho kev xav thiab kev xav rau tus neeg hais lus. Ib tsab ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog sau ntawv monologue xwb, qee zaum muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham hauv nws, piv txwv li, thaum tus sau hais rau tus neeg txais. Lub epistolary style kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv.
Txoj kev sau ntawv sib txawv sawv cev rau cov qauv sau ntawv sib txawv thiab siv cov clichés sib txawv. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom paub txog lawv cov ntsiab lus thiab kev sau ntawv.
Email qauv
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kab mob epistolary yog muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov neeg tau poob rau hauv ntau hom kev sau ntawv, uas ua rau cov lus nug ntawm yuav sau ntawv li cas. Cov qauv dav dav ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv tuaj yeem raug txo mus rau cov hauv qab no:
- pib, hwm qhov chaw nyob rau tus neeg nyob.
- Tseem lub ntsiab, nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus.
- Qhov kawg, lossis qhov xaus, uas qhia txog txhua yam sau.
- Tus sau tus kos npe thiab hnub sau ntawv.
- Ib txhia kis, ib tsab ntawv sau (P. S) uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv.
tsab ntawv ntiag tug
Txoj kev sau tus kheej yog qhov nthuav thiab ntau yam. Cov lus zoo li no yog ib hom ntawv teev npe nplooj ntawv uas tus sau qhia nws qhov kev xav thiab kev paub dhau los. Qib ntawm lawv qhov kev nthuav tawm nyob ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus xa thiab tus neeg txais.
Tus neeg nyob ntawm tus kheej cov ntawv feem ntau yog cov neeg hauv tsev neeg, cov txheeb ze, phooj ywg. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sau ntawv no yog kev sib raug zoo thiab tsis pub leej twg paub;tus neeg sau tau pom meej meej thoob plaws hauv zaj dab neeg lossis kev lees txim. Nws tuaj yeem yog ib zaj dab neeg txog cov xwm txheej yav dhau los, kev xav txog ntau yam ntsiab lus, kev soj ntsuam lossis cov lus qhia. Lub creativity ntawm no yog incredibly zoo kawg li, vim hais tias tus sender muaj ib tug lossis loj arsenal ntawm artistic thiab nthuav qhia. Lawv pab kom pom tseeb dua qhov kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm tus sau ntawm ib lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, qee txoj hauv kev lawv ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsej muag qhia hauv kev sib txuas lus nyob. Yog li, cov ntawv ntawm tus kheej yog qhov kev xav thiab kev xav, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv tus sau feem ntau tsis yig nyob rau hauv cov lus muaj zog, qee zaum txawm siv hais lus phem.
Ib tsab xov xwm ntiag tug tsis muaj cai sau ntawv nruj, tsis yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau txhua tus qauv sau ntawv. Ntawm no txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm tus sau txoj kev xav, yooj yim thiab naturalness tau txhawb nqa.
Cov ntawv hauv kev tshawb fawb
Cov ntawv hauv kev tshawb fawb tau muab tso ua ke rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Qhov no yog ib hom kev qhia txog kev tshawb fawb tau hais rau ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb. Txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sau ntawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb thiab sib xws ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Ib qho kev txhais tsis meej ntawm qhov no lossis cov ntaub ntawv ntawd tsis tuaj yeem lees txais ntawm no, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum nkag siab tsis meej. Kev siv cov no thiab cov ntsiab lus pab kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj no. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tseem yuav tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, uas lees paub nws qhov tseeb.
Lub hom phiaj rau kev sau ntawv tshawb fawb yog tsim kom muaj monotony thiab dryness ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Tau kawg, cov lus no tsis muaj kev qhia,objectivity plays lub luag hauj lwm txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv nws. Feem ntau, qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv scientific sau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug monologue. Tus sau qhov pib hauv tsab ntawv no raug txo kom tsawg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm no kom tsom mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab ntawv, thiab tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus neeg sau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg xa ntawv qhov kev xav ntawm tus kheej tseem tshwm sim rau qee qhov, txawm hais tias implicitly.
Epistolary style in journalism
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau xov xwm yog los cuam tshuam tus nyeem ntawv nrog kev pab ntawm kev hais lus zoo, txhawb nws nrog qee qhov kev xav lossis lub tswv yim. Yuav kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj no, ntau tus neeg sau xov xwm tig mus rau daim ntawv uas lawv tshaj tawm hauv xov xwm. Cov lus no tuaj yeem yog ob hom: nrog thiab tsis muaj tus neeg nyob hauv. Ib tsab ntawv uas tsis muaj ib tus neeg tau txais tshwj xeeb yog npaj rau ntau tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv lawv, cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb lossis cov xwm txheej raug coj los rau pej xeem mloog. Muaj cov ntawv sau xov xwm hais rau ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb, xws li cov thawj coj hauv xeev lossis lwm tus neeg tshaj xov xwm. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yog kom tau txais cov neeg muaj peev xwm los daws cov teeb meem nyuaj, thov ua tam sim.
Tsis zoo li kev sau ntawv tshawb fawb, kev sau xov xwm ntawm kev sau ntawv yog ntau qhov kev xav thiab tsis sib haum xeeb. Txhawm rau npog thiab ntsuas cov xwm txheej tam sim no, tus tshaj tawm tshaj tawm txawj siv ntau yam kev qhia.
Spelling nta
Cov neeg sau xov xwm ua tib zoo xaiv qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv zej zog thiab ua tib zoo txheeb xyuas nws los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus sau tsab ntawv lossis nws cov neeg siv khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qee qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab cov kev daws teeb meem raug npaj.qhov teeb meem piav. Hauv kev sau cov ntawv zoo li no, kev txhawb nqa kev txawj ntse yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, nrog rau kev paub txog tib neeg kev puas siab puas ntsws. Los ntawm kev muab lawv tso rau hauv kev xyaum, cov neeg tshaj tawm qhia kev sib tham raws li lawv xav tau, yog li ua rau me me tsis muaj kev ywj pheej xaiv rau cov nyeem.
tsab ntawv
Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv kev faib tawm, cov qauv kev sau ntawv nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam correspondence, yog ib tug inter-corporate kev sib txuas lus channel. Kev sau ntawv muaj ntau hom uas ua haujlwm sib txawv. Nws kuj muaj cov qauv qhia meej thiab cov kev cai nruj uas yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam. Ib tsab ntawv ua lag luam siv cov txhais tau tias muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam style ntawm kev hais lus. Feem ntau, cov lus no muaj ib tus neeg sawv cev tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, ib tus neeg raug cai lossis ib tus neeg.
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam style ntawm kev sau ntawv yog nyob rau hauv nws cov lus qhuav, raug cai thiab hom lus. Nws siv ntau cov ntawv sau, nyiaj muas, clichés thiab cov qauv hloov, nrog rau ntau hom ntawv luv. Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav tawm los ntawm cov kab lus yooj yim. Lub suab ntawm cov ntawv tseem ceeb yog nruab nrab, kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov laj thawj thiab zoo ib yam li qhov ua tau. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam: kom raug, concisely thiab objectively qhia cov lus tshwj xeeb, depriving nws ntawm lub siab lub ntsws coloring thiab subjectivity.
Type of official letters
Nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov ntawv lag luam tau muab faib ua ntau hom. Feem ntau, ib qho teeb meem raug tsa nyob rau hauv txhua tsab ntawv. Yog tias tsim nyog los daws tam sim ob lossis ntau duateeb meem, ntau hom haum rau hauv ib qho lus.
Cov ntawv lag luam hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- Npog - tsab ntawv nrog cov lus qhia xa cov ntaub ntawv.
- Warranty - kev pom zoo thiab kev sib sau ua ke ntawm qee yam xwm txheej.
- Thanksgiving - qhia txog kev ris txiaj thiab kev ntshaw rau kev koom tes ntxiv.
- Caw - ib qho kev caw tuaj koom hauv qhov kev tshwm sim.
- Nyob zoo.
- xov xwm.
- Kev Tshaj Tawm, lossis kev koom tes.
- Requests.
- Kev ceeb toom.
- Requests.
- Teb tsab ntawv.
Sau tsab ntawv ua lag luam
Yuav ua li cas sau tsab ntawv kom raug? Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub thiab ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev sau cov lus zoo li no. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsab ntawv thiab nws hom. Ntawm no koj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas tus neeg nyob hauv twb paub txog, thiab, pib ntawm qhov no, ua tib zoo xav txog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus sib cav hais txog. Tsab ntawv yuav tsum yog cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov laj thawj raws li qhov ua tau, yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo thiab dej.
Muaj ob pawg ntawm cov ntawv lag luam: ib-seem thiab ntau-seem, lossis yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Cov lus ib-dimensional yog cov ntsiab lus thiab hais txog ib qho teeb meem xwb. Lawv feem ntau tsis tas yuav teb. Multidimensional tsab ntawv tsa ntau yam teeb meem, thiab yog li ntawd muaj ntau txoj hauv kev. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab kom ntxaws.
Cov ntawv ntawm ib tsab ntawv nyuaj muaj ob peb ntu. ATthawj ntu qhia txog kev txhawb siab uas ua rau tus sau sau cov lus, muab cov lus sib cav tsim nyog. Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los teb cov lus nug ntawm lub hom phiaj uas tsab ntawv no tau tsim. Hauv ntu thib ob, tus kws sau ntawv kos cov lus xaus, ua tswv yim, kev daws teeb meem thiab thov.
Cov qauv ntawm qee hom ntawv sau npe
Request letter:
- Yog vim li cas tom qab thov.
- Kev thov nws tus kheej.
- Xav tau qhov txiaj ntsig, qhia kev ua tsaug thiab txaus siab koom tes yog tias qhov kev thov raug tso cai.
Request letter:
- Vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thov.
- Kev thov nws tus kheej.
- Yog qhov kev thov ua tiav.
Cover letter
- Cov ntaub ntawv ceeb toom.
- Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm.
Teb tsab ntawv tsis lees txais kev thov
- Dua dua ntawm qhov kev thov ua ntej.
- Yog vim li cas tsis lees paub.
- Nqe lus hais txog qhov tsis lees paub lossis tsis lees paub.
Qee lub sij hawm tsab ntawv teb muab lwm txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem tau hais.
Kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub no feem ntau siv cov ntawv ua haujlwm ib ntus.
Lab ntawv tsim
Kev lag luam sau ntawv tau ua tiav ntawm daim ntawv sau rau cov ntawv ua haujlwm. Lawv yuav tsum ua raws li tsoomfwv cov qauv thiab muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Lag entity logo.
- Npe of legal entity (author of the letter).
- Kev sib cuag (chaw nyob, tus lejxov tooj, email, website).
- Hnub ntawm tsab ntawv.
- Nyob sau npe ntawm tsab ntawv.
- Rau hnub thiab tus lej ntawm cov lus xa tuaj (yog tias nws yog tsab ntawv teb, piv txwv).
Thaum kawg ntawm tsab ntawv, tus xa ntawv qhia cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
- Txoj haujlwm thiab lub xeem nrog lub npe ntawm tus neeg kos npe rau tsab ntawv.
- Txoj hauj lwm thiab lub xeem nrog lub npe ntawm tus compiler (yog tias nws tsis sau nws kos npe).
- Daim ntawv thov (yog muaj).
Ntxiv rau kev ua raws li cov cai lij choj, daim ntawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim (yog tias tsab ntawv xa los ntawm kev xa ntawv tsis tu ncua). Nws yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb hom kev lag luam xov xwm. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv dawb dawb yog zoo rau ib tsab ntawv tsis tu ncua. Rau cov ntawv caw, ua kev zoo siab, ua tsaug, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los xaiv cov ntawv tuab lossis embossed. Cov ntawv muag zoo saib zoo rau ntawm daim ntawv xim.
Cliches thiab teeb kab lus
txoj cai sau ntawv yuav tsum tau siv cov qauv lus npaj ua. Cov kev tsim kho hauv qab no tuaj yeem siv rau ntau qhov xwm txheej:
Thaum pom tseeb vim li cas thiab kev xav:
- Vim tsis muaj kev pab nyiaj txiag…
- Vim kev lag luam nyuaj…
- Yuav ua haujlwm ua ke…
- Raws li koj tsab ntawv…
- Raws li raws tu qauv…
- Nyob teb rau koj qhov kev thov…
- Kev lees paub ntawm peb qhov kev pom zoo…
- Yuav kom muaj kev lav ris…
- Rau koj qhov kev thov…
Thaum sau tsab ntawv thov:
- Thov pab…
- Thov xa tuaj rau peb qhov chaw nyob…
- Thov koom nrog…
- Cia li nqis tes…
- Thov nco ntsoov…
- Thov qhia…
- Thov kuas cov nuj nqis…
Kev nkag rau hauv cov ntawv npog:
- Xa xov xwm…
- Rov qab cov ntaub ntawv siv …
- Peb xa daim ntawv cog lus kos npe los ntawm peb sab…
- Xa cov ntaub ntawv siv … etc.
Kev lees paub email pib zoo li no:
- Qhib…
- Gratefully lees paub…
Thaum sau tsab ntawv teb (tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev thov):
- Koj qhov kev thov raug tsis lees paub vim li cas hauv qab no…
- Daim phiaj xwm sib koom ua ke tau xa tuaj rau peb tau kawm. Peb xav tias nws tsis tsim nyog rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no…
- Peb xav txog koj qhov kev thov rau kev sib koom tes…
Cov lus kawg ntawm cov ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv tuaj yeem yog cov hauv qab no:
- Peb thov kom koj xa cov ntaub ntawv rau peb.
- Peb thov kom koj tsis txhob ncua koj cov lus teb.
- Thov txim rau qhov qeeb hauv kev teb.
- Peb cia siab tias peb qhov kev thov yuav raug tso cai.
Thaum sau cov ntawv caw:
- Zoo siab txais tos tuaj koom…
- Thov xa tus neeg sawv cev…
Thaum sau tsab ntawv lav:
- Payment Guaranteed…
- Guaranteed product quality…
- Guaranteed deadlines…
Cov blanks no yuav pab tau kojua tiag tiag.
