Lub reactivity ntawm ib lub cev yog nws cov cuab yeej los teb txawv rau lub stimuli. Lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug tsiaj los yog ib tug neeg kom hloov mus rau ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob thiab tswj homeostasis nyob ntawm nws. Xav txog ntxiv seb qhov reactivity ntawm lub cev manifests nws tus kheej.
YPathophysiology
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov lus teb sib txawv yog ua raws li qhov ntsuas tau zoo thiab muaj nuj nqis. Reactivity yuav tsum txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov kawg yog to taub raws li kev kho ncaj qha ntawm cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm, cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv kev teb rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm stimuli. Lub reactivity ntawm lub cev txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus teb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj lub xeev ntawm cov thawj coj ua haujlwm cuam tshuam rau nws qib. Reactivity yog li txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Txoj kev tshwm sim
Muaj cov qauv hauv qab no ntawm lub cev ua haujlwm:
- Normal - normergy.
- Nco ntsoov - hypergia. Hauv qhov no, cov txheej txheem excitation yog qhov tseem ceeb.
- Txom nyem - hypoergy. Hauv qhov noCov txheej txheem inhibition yuav yeej.
- Perverted - dysergia.
Qhov no lossis qhov kev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv txhua qhov sib cais. Feem ntau, ib tug neeg lossis ib tug tsiaj tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Hauv kev xyaum kho mob, cov kab mob hyperergic yog pathologies nrog cov tsos mob tshwm sim, kev kawm sai, thiab cov kab mob hypoergic yog cov kab mob sluggish nrog cov duab kho mob. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov lus teb rau ib qho kev txhawb siab yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, qhov nce ntawm qhov reactivity ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov allergen. Txawm li cas los xij, rau lwm qhov kev txhawb nqa (kub, piv txwv li), nws tuaj yeem qis.
ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv ntau yam tsis tso cai rau daim duab ua tiav ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov ntsuas zoo yog siv. Ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb uas qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob reactivity, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg:
- Kev ntxhov siab. Nws sawv cev rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub neej los nthuav qhia cov kev cuam tshuam theem pib.
- Kev txaus siab. Nws sawv cev rau lub peev xwm ntawm lub paj hlwb, cov leeg nqaij thiab qee cov ntaub so ntswg los teb rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm stimuli thiab xa impulses mus rau lwm lub tshuab.
- Txhob Cia Siab. Nws tau hais tawm hauv kev tawm tsam rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua stimuli, muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv.
- Txoj kev txav mus los. Nws qhia qhov no lossis qhov kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv theem pib uas nrogphysiological kev ua ntawm ib qho apparatus.
- Kev xav. Nws sawv cev rau lub peev xwm los txiav txim qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam, qhov zoo thiab lub zog ntawm kev txhawb nqa, qhia rau lwm lub tshuab txog nws.
Kev faib tawm
Cov hom hauv qab no ntawm lub cev reactivity yog qhov txawv:
- Primary (npe).
- Group (typical).
- Ib leeg.
Ob qhov kawg, dhau los, tuaj yeem yog:
- Physiological.
- pathological.
Lawv muab faib ua qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshwj xeeb. Xav txog tej yam ntawm lub cev reactivity nyias.
Pib teb
Lub cev muaj zog yog ua raws li kev muaj peev xwm lom neeg los teb rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig stimuli txaus. Lub ntsiab lus teb yog ib txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab yoog raws cov txheej txheem uas muaj nyob hauv cov tsiaj tshwj xeeb. Lub reactivity ntawm lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, yog qhia nyob rau hauv instincts, ncua animation, pw tsaug zog raws caij nyoog, thiab tsis kam mus rau ntau yam influences. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias vaub kib tsis hnov tsw rau tetanus toxin, nas tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob anthrax, cov kab mob ntawm gonococcus tau tshwm sim tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov liab thiab tib neeg. Hom reactivity txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm ib hom, nws cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution thiab twb tsau nyob rau hauv lub genotype.
Pab pawg thiab tus kheej teb
Lawv raug tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thawj zaug (hloov). Cov lus teb ntawm tus kheej yog vim li castau txais thiab keeb kwm zoo. Qhov no reactivity ntawm lub cev nyob ntawm poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, feem ntau cov hlab ntsha thiab endocrine, kev cai lij choj, sab nraud stimuli. Ib pawg lus teb yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov koom haum ntawm cov neeg uas zoo sib xws hauv qee qhov kev cai lij choj kev cai lij choj. Physiological yog hu ua lub reactivity ntawm ib tug noj qab nyob zoo, ib txwm kab mob nyob rau hauv ib tug haum ib puag ncig ntawm lub hav zoov, txaus teb rau lub zog ntawm stimuli. Pathological teb tshwm nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov kab mob ua rau cov kab mob. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub adaptive peev xwm ntawm ib tug recovering los yog mob. Cov lus teb zoo li no yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm txoj haujlwm caj ces nws tus kheej (cov kab mob caj ces), lossis cov txheej txheem rau nws qhov kev siv (ntau yam pathologies).
Specific response
Nws sawv cev rau lub cev lub peev xwm los teb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb reactivity, humoral antibodies raug tsim, ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cellular tau qhib. Cov lus teb zoo li no muab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, hloov mus rau qee qhov chaw ib puag ncig (piv txwv li, tsis muaj oxygen). Pathological tshwj xeeb reactivity tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem immunopathological. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj sib txawv, kab mob autoimmune thiab mob. Nws tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb, dhau los ntawm cov duab ntawm pathology ntawm ib daim ntawv nosological tsim. Piv txwv li, nrog kev kis kab mob, ua pob liab liab tshwm sim, nrogkub siab, cov hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv ib tug spastic lub xeev, hluav taws xob mob muaj feem xyuam rau lub hematopoietic system, thiab hais txog.
Tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb
Nws sawv cev rau lub peev xwm los qhia tib hom lus teb rau ntau yam stimuli. Qhov no reactivity tshwm raws li ib tug adaptation rau ob peb lwm yam. Piv txwv li, tib lub sij hawm mus rau ib tug tsis muaj oxygen thiab lub cev ua si. Nws yog qhia raws li kev ntxhov siab reactivity thiab tsis kam ntawm lub cev. Cov tom kawg yog kev puas tsuaj. Ib qho nuance yuav tsum tau sau tseg ntawm no. Nonspecific resistance ntawm lub cev tsis tshwm sim nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev lossis pab pawg neeg sawv cev. Cov lus teb thiab kev ruaj ntseg yog qhia txog kev puas tsuaj feem ntau rau ntau yam stimuli, suav nrog cov huab cua. Pathological nonspecific reactivity yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam kab mob (ib hom kab mob neurogenic dystrophy, parabiosis, mob, ua npaws, teb rau tshuaj loog, poob siab, thiab lwm yam).
Reactivity thiab tsis kam ntawm lub cev
Ob qhov kev tshwm sim no muaj kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Reactivity yog lub tswvyim dav dua thiab suav nrog kev tawm tsam. Nws qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm yav tas los, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuab rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev. Resistance qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm reactivity raws li kev tiv thaiv thiab yoog raws. Nws qhia tus cwj pwm tsuas yog rau qhov kev chim siab heev. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev muaj zog thiab nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg tsis tas yuav tshwm sim ib txhij. Piv txwv li, nrog anaphylaxis, thawj zaug nce, tab sis kuj txo qis. Thaum lub caij ntuj no hibernationNtawm qhov tsis sib xws, reactivity txo qis, tab sis kuj rau qee yam stimuli nce. Hauv qhov no, tus kws kho mob cov tswv yim hauv kev kho mob pathologies yuav tsum raug xaiv nruj me ntsis rau tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob ntev, sluggish, kev tsis haum xeeb ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, kev raug mob, kev nce hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev kho mob ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj yuav tsum tau nrog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv nws cov theem txheeb ze rau ib tug tshwj xeeb irritant.
Mechanisms
Cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab qhov rov ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg yog tsim los ntawm nws txoj kev cai lij choj, kev xeeb tub, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic, lub xeev ntawm endocrine, lub paj hlwb thiab lwm yam. Lawv nyob ntawm poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, stimuli sab nraud. Cov yam ntxwv reactivity ntawm lub cev yog cov caj ces txiav txim siab theem pib. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv phenotype. Reactivity tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv no, kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ua ke tsim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.
Kev tsim tshwj xeeb
Reactivity yog tsim nyob rau txhua theem ntawm lub koom haum. Piv txwv li, nyob rau theem molecular, qhov no yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau hypoxia uas nrog cov kab mob cell anemia, nyob rau theem cellular, thaum lub sij hawm phagocytosis, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov mechanisms yog nruj me ntsis ib tug neeg. Ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab ke, ib qho kev sib koom ua ke tshiab tsim nyog, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov dej num ntawm ib qho system. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no belongs rau lub paj hlwb. Hauv cov tsiaj siab dua, nws tsim cov lus teb hauv txhua qhov chaw - ntawm qib ntawm cov receptors, hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm, hauvmedulla oblongata thiab qaum qaum, nyob rau hauv lub cortex thiab subcortical cheeb tsam, thiab nyob rau hauv tib neeg - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob signaling system thiab loj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo tej yam kev mob. Hauv qhov no, kev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev kev ua haujlwm ntawm CNS provoke cov txheej txheem sib xws ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau ntau yam influences, tsis kam mus rau cov neeg tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm decortication, tsis kam mus rau oxygen starvation nce. Thaum cov tubercle grey puas lawm, tiv thaiv kab mob txo qis.
YEndocrine system
Nws tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb me me hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog ua los ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv lub lobe anterior ntawm lub caj pas pituitary, medulla thiab cortical khoom ntawm cov qog adrenal. Yog li, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm adrenalectomy, tiv thaiv cov neeg kho tshuab raug mob, cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no, thiab cov kab mob co toxins raug txo kom tsawg. Nrog rau kev qhia txog glucocorticoids hauv cov koob tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws, kev tiv thaiv rau huab cua stimuli yog txhim kho. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb - kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm cov ntshav plasma, phagocytosis ntawm microphages.
Biological barriers
Lawv muab cov tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Muaj teeb meem:
- External. Cov no muaj xws li daim tawv nqaij, mucous daim nyias nyias, digestive apparatus, ua pa kab mob, thiab lwm yam.
- Internal - histohematic (hematoophthalmic, hematoencephalic, hematolabyrinth thiab lwm yam).
Cov kab mob lom neeg no, nrog rau kev ua haujlwmCov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv cov kua hauv lub cev ua haujlwm tswj thiab tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Lawv tswj hwm qhov chaw noj zaub mov zoo rau lub cev, pab ua kom homeostasis.
Phylogenesis
Reactivity thiab tsis kam ntawm lub cev yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhim kho evolutionary ntev. Cov kab mob Unicellular qhia tau hais tias muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau hyper- thiab hypothermia, hypoxia, ionizing hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov reactivity yog qhov tsawg heev. Hauv invertebrates thiab protozoa, cov peev xwm no tshwm sim ntawm qib cellular. Kev tiv thaiv thiab reactivity raug txwv los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic. Yog li, lawv cov inhibition ua rau nws muaj peev xwm zam tau qhov txo qis hauv qhov kub thiab txias, desiccation, txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen, thiab lwm yam. Tsiaj txhu uas muaj lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub paj hlwb nthuav tawm tsis kam thiab reactivity los ntawm tshuaj lom neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev txhawb zog ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub paj hlwb nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution, ntau thiab ntau lub cib fim tshwm sim rau ib tug active tshuaj tiv thaiv stimuli vim kev tiv thaiv thiab adaptive mechanisms. Vim yog cov lus teb rau kev puas tsuaj, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev hloov pauv. Vim li no, muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tshiab yog guaranteed. Qhov no yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub reactivity ntawm lub cev.
Ntuj
Nyob rau theem pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev tiv thaiv thiab reactivity tshwm sim ntawm qib molecular. Nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm ontogeny, cov lus teb tshwm sim hauv cov hlwb. Hauv particular, kev loj hlob txawv txav pib, uas ua raudeformities. Thaum ntxov, lub cev tsis tshua muaj kev tiv thaiv rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws nthuav tawm siab tiv thaiv rau lub sijhawm luv stimuli. Piv txwv li, cov tsiaj me hauv cov me nyuam yaus zam kev tshaib plab heev dua yooj yim dua. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau theem no ntawm ontogeny, qhov kev siv ntawm oxidation txheej txheem yog heev tsawg. Raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov pa oxygen tsis yog siab heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau cov co toxins. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub cev tseem tsis muaj reactive lug lub luag hauj lwm rau kev xaav ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm stimuli. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau theem pib, kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev hloov pauv tsis txaus sib txawv thiab tsim kho. Txo rhiab heev ntawm cov me nyuam mos rau cov pa oxygen tshaib plab thiab co toxins tsis tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj cov txheej txheem nquag. Hauv qhov no, cov kab mob uas lawv muaj yog qhov hnyav heev. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim lub fact tias tus me nyuam yug los nrog ib tug underdeveloped paj hlwb nyob rau hauv morphological thiab functional ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ontogenesis, gradual teeb meem ntawm reactivity tshwm sim. Nws ua ntau haiv neeg, zoo meej vim yog kev tsim ntawm lub paj hlwb, txhim kho cov txheej txheem metabolic, tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qog intrasecretory. Yog li ntawd, daim duab ntawm tus kab mob yuav nyuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, cov txheej txheem thaiv, thiab lub peev xwm los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog nquag tsim (piv txwv li, o tshwm sim). Ob qho tib si reactivity ntawm lub cev thiab nws tsis kam mus rau stimuli dhau ob peb theem hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob.theem. Thawj yog thaum yau. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, reactivity thiab tsis kam yog qis dua. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, lawv intensified. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm kev laus, lawv txo qis dua.
Txoj Kev Txhim Kho
Ib qho kev cuam tshuam uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj hwm lossis kev tswj hwm lub cev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tawm tsam. Kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev xav tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau ntawm lub cev, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, kev haus dej cawv ntev ntev, beriberi, thiab lwm yam, muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, vim li ntawd, lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tshwm sim. Kev ua kom muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qee qhov stimuli tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev txo cov haujlwm ntawm lub neej. Hauv particular, peb tab tom tham txog tshuaj loog, hypothermia, hibernation. Hauv qhov kawg, thaum tus tsiaj kis tus kab mob, kab mob plague, kab mob yuav tsis tshwm sim (lawv yuav tshwm sim thaum sawv ntxov). Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm hibernation, tsis kam mus rau hypoxia, hluav taws xob raug, lom, thiab kis kab mob. Cov tshuaj loog muab ib qho kev nce hauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tam sim no. Hauv lub xeev no, streptococcal sepsis tsis tsim. Cov txheej txheem thib ob muaj cov txheej txheem kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thaum tswj lossis txhim kho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Cov no suav nrog:
- Kev cob qhia ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem ua kom tawv.
- Hloov cov haujlwm ntawm kev tswj hwm. Tshwj xeeb, kev cob qhia autogenic, hais lus tawm tswv yim, hypnosis, acupuncture, thiab lwm yam yog siv.
- Tsis yog kev kho mob tshwj xeeb. Nws suav nrog balneotherapy,kev siv cov tshuaj pharmacological.
Adaptogens
Kev qhia txog lawv yog txuam nrog Lazarev lub npe. Nws yog nws uas tau tso lub hauv paus ntawm "kev noj qab haus huv pharmacology". Adaptogens yog cov tshuaj uas pab ua kom lub cev hloov mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Lawv muab normalization ntawm cov teeb meem provoked los ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Adaptogens muaj cov nyhuv kho dav, txhim khu kev tiv thaiv rau ntau lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev ua yog raws li stimulation ntawm protein thiab nucleic acid synthesis, stabilization ntawm cov kab mob lom. Siv cov tshuaj adaptogens, nrog rau ntau yam tshuaj, los ntawm kev hloov kho lub cev rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov teeb meem sab nraud, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub xeev ntawm nonspecific siab tsis kam. Cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev loj hlob yog dosed nce nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm tsis zoo cawv. Kev tswj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ua haujlwm yog ib qho kev cog lus hauv kev kho thiab tiv thaiv tshuaj.
