Acids yog cov tshuaj sib txuas uas muaj peev xwm pub dawb rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hydrogen ion (cation) thiab lees txais ob qho hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam, ua rau muaj kev sib cog lus.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav saib cov acids tseem ceeb uas tau kawm nyob rau hauv cov qib nrab ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm dav dav, thiab kuj kawm tau ntau yam nthuav tseeb txog ntau yam acids. Cia peb pib.
Acids: hom
Hauv chemistry, muaj ntau cov kua qaub sib txawv uas muaj ntau yam khoom. Chemists paub qhov txawv cov kua qaub los ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus oxygen, volatility, solubility nyob rau hauv dej, lub zog, stability, teej tug mus rau ib tug organic los yog inorganic chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj compounds. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav saib ib lub rooj uas nthuav tawm cov kua qaub uas muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws. Cov lus yuav pab koj nco ntsoov lub npe ntawm cov kua qaub thiab nws cov tshuaj formula.
| tshuaj formula | Acid name |
| H2S | Hydrogen sulfide |
| H2SO4 | Sulfuric |
| 2 | |
| HF | Flavic |
| HCl | S alt |
| H3PO4 | Phosphoric |
| H2CO3 | coal |
Yog li, txhua yam pom meej. Cov lus no nthuav tawm cov acids nto moo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Lub rooj yuav pab koj nco qab cov npe thiab cov qauv sai dua.
YHydrosulfide acid
H2S yog hydrogen sulfide acid. Nws peculiarity nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws yog ib tug gas. Hydrogen sulfide tsis zoo soluble hauv dej, thiab tseem cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov hlau. Hydrosulphuric acid belongs rau pab pawg ntawm "tsis muaj zog acids", piv txwv li peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.
H2S muaj me ntsis qab zib thiab tsw tsw qab heev ntawm cov qe lwj. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, nws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntuj lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, thiab nws kuj raug tso tawm thaum cov protein rots.
Cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub muaj ntau haiv neeg, txawm tias cov kua qaub yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam, nws tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Cov kua qaub no muaj kuab lom heev rau tib neeg. Thaum nqus tau me me ntawm hydrogen sulfide, ib tug neeg sawv los nrog mob taub hau, xeev siab thiab kiv taub hau pib. Yog tias ib tug neeg nqus tau H2S, ces qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qaug zog, tsis nco qab lossis tseem tuag tam sim.
sulfuric acid
H2SO4 yog ib qho muaj zog sulfuric acid uas cov me nyuam tau paub hauv chemistry tshooj 8chav kawm. Cov tshuaj acids xws li sulfuric yog cov muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm. H2SO4 ua oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau cov hlau, nrog rau cov oxides yooj yim.
H2SO4 Ua rau muaj tshuaj lom rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis khaub ncaws, tab sis tsis muaj tshuaj lom li hydrogen sulfide.
Nitric Acid Y
Cov kua qaub muaj zog yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Piv txwv ntawm cov acids: HCl, H2SO4, HBr, HNO3. HNO3 yog cov npe nrov nitric acid. Nws tau pom dav siv hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ntau yam chiv, nyob rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nyob rau hauv photographic printing, nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov tshuaj thiab dyes, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kev lag luam.
Tshuaj lom neeg xws li nitric acid ua rau lub cev muaj kev phom sij heev. Vapors ntawm HNO3 tawm rwj, ua rau mob o thiab ua pa ntawm txoj hlab pa.
Nitrous Acid
Nitrous acid feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog nitric acid, tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Qhov tseeb yog tias nitrous acid tsis muaj zog ntau dua li nitric acid, nws muaj cov khoom sib txawv thiab cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev.
HNO2 yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj.
YHydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid (los yog hydrogen fluoride) yog cov tshuaj H2O nrog HF. Cov mis ntawm cov kua qaub yog HF. Hydrofluoric acid yog nquag siv hauv kev lag luam txhuas. Nws dissolves silicates, tshuaj lom silicon, silicateiav.
Hydrogen fluoride yog teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev, nyob ntawm seb nws cov concentration tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw. Thaum nws los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij, thaum xub thawj tsis muaj kev hloov pauv, tab sis tom qab ob peb feeb, qhov mob ntse thiab cov tshuaj hlawv yuav tshwm sim. Hydrofluoric acid yog qhov teeb meem rau ib puag ncig.
YHydrochloric acid
HCl yog hydrogen chloride thiab yog cov kua qaub muaj zog. Hydrogen chloride khaws cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub uas yog cov pab pawg muaj zog acids. Hauv qhov tsos, cov kua qaub yog pob tshab thiab tsis muaj xim, tab sis haus luam yeeb hauv huab cua. Hydrogen chloride yog dav siv nyob rau hauv metallurgical thiab zaub mov industries.
Cov kua qaub no ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg kub hnyiab, tab sis qhov muag sib chwv yog qhov txaus ntshai.
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) yog cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog hauv nws cov khoom. Tab sis txawm tias tsis muaj zog acids tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom muaj zog. Piv txwv li, H3PO4 yog siv hauv kev lag luam kom rov qab hlau los ntawm xeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, phosphoric (los yog phosphoric) acid yog dav siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb - ntau ntau yam chiv yog tsim los ntawm nws.
Cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub zoo sib xws - yuav luag txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev, H3PO4 yog tsis muaj kev zam. Piv txwv li, cov kua qaub no kuj ua rau mob hnyav heev, los ntshav, thiab hniav lwj.
YCarbonic acid
H2CO3 - qaug zog acid. Nws yog tau los ntawm dissolving CO2 (carbon dioxide) rau hauv H2O (dej). carbonic acidsiv hauv biology thiab biochemistry.
Qhov ntom ntawm ntau cov kua qaub
Qhov ntom ntawm cov kua qaub nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv qhov theoretical thiab cov tswv yim ntawm chemistry. Ua tsaug rau kev paub txog qhov ntom ntom, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm cov kua qaub, daws cov teeb meem tshuaj lom neeg, thiab ntxiv cov kua qaub kom tiav kom tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov ntom ntawm cov kua qaub sib txawv nrog cov concentration. Piv txwv li, qhov feem pua ntawm cov concentration ntau dua, qhov ceev ntau dua.
dav dav ntawm acids
Txhua cov kua qaub yog cov tshuaj complex (uas yog, lawv muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm), thaum lawv yuav tsum suav nrog H (hydrogen) hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tom ntej no, peb saib cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub uas muaj ntau:
- Txhua cov pa oxygen uas muaj cov kua qaub (hauv cov mis uas O yog tam sim no) decompose rau hauv dej, nrog rau cov kua qaub oxide. Thiab cov tsis muaj oxygen decompose rau hauv cov khoom yooj yim (piv txwv li, 2HF decomposes rau hauv F2 thiab H2).
- Oxidizing acids cuam tshuam nrog txhua cov hlau hauv cov hlau ua haujlwm (tsuas yog cov nyob rau sab laug ntawm H).
- React nrog ntau cov ntsev, tab sis tsuas yog nrog cov tsim los ntawm ib qho tsis muaj zog acid.
Hauv lawv lub cev lub cev, cov kua qaub sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tuaj yeem muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab tsis muaj, nrog rau muaj ntau yam sib sau ua ke: kua, gaseous thiab txawm tias khoom. Cov kua qaub yog qhov nthuav heev rau kev kawm. Piv txwv ntawm xws li acids:C2H2043BO 3.
Kev sib tw
Kev xav yog tus nqi uas txiav txim siab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li, chemists feem ntau yuav tsum txiav txim siab npaum li cas cov ntshiab sulfuric acid nyob rau hauv dilute acid H2SO4. Ua li no, lawv ncuav me me ntawm dilute acid rau hauv lub beaker, hnyav nws, thiab txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm lub rooj ntom ntom. Cov concentration ntawm cov kua qaub yog ze ze rau qhov ntom, feem ntau muaj cov haujlwm ua haujlwm los txiav txim siab qhov concentration, qhov twg koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov feem pua ntawm cov kua qaub ntshiab hauv cov tshuaj.
Kev faib tawm ntawm tag nrho cov kua qaub los ntawm tus lej ntawm H atoms hauv lawv cov tshuaj formula
Ib qhov kev faib tawm nrov tshaj plaws yog kev faib cov kua qaub rau hauv monobasic, dibasic thiab, raws li, tribasic acids. Piv txwv ntawm monobasic acids: HNO3 (nitric), HCl (hydrochloric), HF (hydrofluoric) thiab lwm yam. Cov acids no hu ua monobasic, txij li tsuas yog ib H atom muaj nyob hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, muaj ntau cov acids, nws tsis tuaj yeem nco ntsoov txhua tus. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov kua qaub kuj raug cais los ntawm tus lej ntawm H atoms hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Dibasic acids txhais tau zoo ib yam. Piv txwv li: H2SO4 (sulphurous), H2S (hydrogen sulfide), H 2CO3 (coal) thiab lwm yam. Tribasic: H3PO4 (phosphoric).
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov kua qaub
Ib qho kev faib tawm nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua qaub yog lawv faib ua cov pa oxygen thiab anoxic acids. Yuav ua li cas nco ntsoov, tsis paub cov tshuaj formula ntawm ib yam khoom, hais tias nws yog ib tug oxygen-muaj acid?
Txhua cov pa oxygen dawb tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb O - oxygen, tab sis muaj H. Yog li, lo lus "hydrogen" yeej ib txwm muab rau lawv lub npe. HCl yog hydrochloric acid thiab H2S yog hydrogen sulfide.
Tab sis koj tuaj yeem sau cov qauv los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov kua qaub. Piv txwv li, yog tus naj npawb ntawm O atoms hauv ib yam khoom yog 4 lossis 3, ces cov lus tom qab -n- ib txwm ntxiv rau lub npe, nrog rau qhov xaus -aya-:
- H2SO4 - sulfuric (number of atoms - 4);
- H2SiO3 - silicon (number of atoms - 3).
Yog tias cov khoom muaj tsawg dua peb lossis peb lub pa oxygen, ces lub npe siv cov lus kawg -ist-:
- HNO2 - nitrogenous;
- H2SO3 - sulphurous.
Cov khoom ntiag tug
Txhua cov kua qaub saj qaub thiab feem ntau yog xim hlau me ntsis. Tab sis muaj lwm yam khoom zoo sib xws uas peb yuav tam sim no xav txog.
Muaj cov tshuaj hu ua ntsuas. Cov ntsuas hloov lawv cov xim, lossis xim tseem nyob, tab sis nws cov xim hloov. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum qhov ntsuas tau cuam tshuam los ntawm qee yam khoom, xws li acids.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev hloov xim yog cov khoom paub zoo li tshuaj yej, thiabtxiv qaub acid. Thaum cov txiv qaub muab pov rau hauv tshuaj yej, cov tshuaj yej maj mam pib pom qhov sib zog. Qhov no yog vim txiv qaub muaj citric acid.
Muaj lwm yam piv txwv. Litmus, uas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab muaj xim lilac, tig liab thaum ntxiv hydrochloric acid.
Thaum cov kua qaub cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau uas nyob rau hauv qhov nro mus txog hydrogen, cov pa roj npuas raug tso tawm - H. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov hlau uas nyob rau hauv qhov nro series tom qab H muab tso rau hauv lub raj nrog cov kua qaub, ces. tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim, tsis muaj roj yuav tso tawm yuav. Yog li, tooj liab, nyiaj, mercury, platinum thiab kub yuav tsis hnov mob nrog acids.
Nyob rau hauv kab lus no, peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj acids nto moo tshaj plaws, nrog rau lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab qhov sib txawv.
