Kev hloov pauv lom neeg cuam tshuam cuam tshuam txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob nyob, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob caj noob ces, nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv, qhov tshwm sim ntawm hom tshiab thiab kev ploj mus ntawm cov qub. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no hloov pauv ob qho tib si ecosystem thiab biosphere tag nrho lub sijhawm.
Basic Theory
Muaj ntau yam piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem uas cov txheej txheem hloov pauv tau tsim. Tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau tau cog lus rau cov kev tshawb xav hluavtaws ntawm evolution (STE), raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab Darwinism. Synthetic theory piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, uas yog, cov khoom ntawm evolution, thiab kev xaiv ntuj (tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution). Cov txheej txheem evolutionary nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm txoj kev xav no yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov zaus ntawm alleles ntawm ntau yam noob nyob rau hauv hom pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ob peb tiam.
Qauv thiab cov cai ntawm evolution
Evolution yog txheej txheem rov qab tsis tau. Txhua yam kab mob uas, dhau los ntawm kev sib txuam ntawm kev hloov pauv zoo, tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej tshiab, thaum rov qab mus rau nws qhov chaw yav dhau los, yuav tau mus dhau txoj kev hloov kho dua. Ntxiv mus, tsis muaj hom kab mob lom tuaj yeem tsim tiav,Charles Darwin tau sau tias txawm tias qhov chaw nyob yuav zoo ib yam li yav dhau los, cov hom kev hloov pauv yuav tsis tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws lub xeev qub. Qhov ntawd yog, tsiaj txhu yuav hloov tau mus rau qhov rov qab los ntawm qhov qub, tab sis tsis yog nyob rau hauv "qub" txoj kev.
Qhov no tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim ntawm cov ntses ntses. Cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lawv cov fins (nrog rau cetaceans) khaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ceg ntawm cov tsiaj. Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv cov noob caj ces ntawm ib tiam, yog li lawv yeej tsis rov ua dua. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ntses taub ntswg ntev thiab whales tau hloov lawv qhov chaw nyob, thiab tsib ntiv tes ceg tau hloov mus rau fins, lawv tseem yog tsiaj txhu. Ib yam li cov tsiaj reptiles hloov zuj zus los ntawm amphibians ntawm ib theem, tab sis txawm rov qab mus rau lawv qhov chaw yav dhau los, lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau amphibians.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm txoj cai evolutionary no: tsob ntoo evergreen Ruscus. Nyob rau ntawm nws qia yog ci, loj thiab tuab nplooj, uas yog tiag hloov ceg. Cov nplooj tiag tiag yog scaly thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov "stems". Ib lub paj tshwm los ntawm qhov sinus ntawm lub teev nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav, uas cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav loj hlob tom qab. Butcher's koob tau tshem tawm ntawm nplooj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution, vim hais tias nws muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau drought, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws rov poob rau hauv dej ib puag ncig, tab sis es tsis txhob foliage tiag tiag, hloov stems tshwm.
Txoj cai ntawm evolution hais tias cov txheej txheem yog heterogeneous thiab tsis txiav txim los ntawm lub sij hawm astronomical. Piv txwv li, muaj cov tsiaj uas muaj nyob rau hauvtsis hloov pauv rau ntau pua lab xyoo. Cov no yog cov ntses lobe-finned, tuatara thiab saber-tail yog cov fossils nyob. Tab sis nws tshwm sim hais tias speciation thiab hloov kho tshwm sim sai heev. Tshaj li 800 txhiab xyoo dhau los, hom tshiab ntawm nas tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Australia thiab Philippines, thiab Lake Baikal dhau los 20 lab xyoo tau txhawb nws tus kheej nrog 240 hom crayfish, uas tau muab faib ua 34 hom tshiab. Qhov tshwm sim los yog hloov ntawm ib hom tsis yog nyob ntawm lub sij hawm xws li, tab sis yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog thiab muaj pes tsawg tiam. Qhov ntawd yog, qhov nrawm dua ib hom me me, qhov siab dua ntawm kev hloov pauv.
Closed systems
Cov txheej txheem xws li evolution, kev xaiv ntuj thiab kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem mus sai dua. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig tsis ruaj khov. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov dej hiav txwv tob, qhov tsua dej, cov Islands tuaj, thiab lwm qhov chaw sib cais, evolution, natural selection, thiab speciation qeeb heev. Qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb tias cov ntses lobe-finned tseem tsis hloov pauv tau ntau lab xyoo.
Tau qhov kev vam khom ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev xaiv ntuj yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kab. Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb caug xyoo ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, cov tshuaj lom tau pib siv los ntawm cov kab tsuag, tab sis tom qab ob peb xyoos, hom tshwm sim uas yoog rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab nrawm nrawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Rau kev kho mob ntau yam kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob muaj zog tau siv ntau zaus - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. Cov kev cai ntawm evolution tuaj rau hauv quab yuam: twb nyob rau hauv lub fortiesCov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob uas tiv taus cov tshuaj no.
Patterns
Muaj peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm evolution: convergence, divergence thiab parallelism. Thaum muaj kev sib txawv, qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov cim intraspecific tau pom, uas nws thiaj li ua rau cov pab pawg tshiab ntawm tib neeg. Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm kev tau txais cov zaub mov tau hais ntau dua, cov pab pawg pib tawg mus rau lwm thaj chaw. Yog tias ib cheeb tsam tau nyob los ntawm cov tsiaj uas muaj cov khoom noj tib yam, tom qab ntawd dhau sijhawm, thaum cov khoom noj me me, lawv yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm thaj chaw thiab hloov mus rau qhov sib txawv. Yog tias nyob hauv tib thaj chaw muaj cov tsiaj uas muaj kev xav tau sib txawv, kev sib tw ntawm lawv tsawg dua.
Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov txheej txheem hloov pauv ntawm kev sib txawv li cas yog 7 hom mos lwj cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg: cov no yog reindeer, maral, elk, sika mos lwj, deer deer, musk mos lwj thiab roe mos lwj.
Txoj kab uas muaj kev sib txawv siab muaj peev xwm tawm hauv cov xeeb ntxwv loj thiab sib tw tsawg dua. Thaum muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov cwj pwm muaj zog, cov pej xeem tau muab faib ua cov subspecies, uas, vim yog kev xaiv ntuj, nws thiaj li tig mus ua nyias hom.
pab pawg
Convergence tseem hu ua kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab ke nyob, vim tias cov hom tsis sib xws muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm convergence yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lub cev zoo nyob rau hauvdolphins (mammals), sharks (fish) thiab ichthyosaurs (cov tsiaj reptiles). Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj nyob hauv tib thaj chaw thiab tib lub neej nyob. Lub nce toj agama thiab chameleon kuj tsis sib xws, tab sis zoo sib xws hauv cov tsos. Wings kuj yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm convergence. Nyob rau hauv puav thiab noog, lawv sawv los ntawm kev hloov lub forelimbs, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug npauj npaim, cov no yog cov loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Convergence muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov hom kev sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Parallelism
lo lus no los ntawm Greek "parallelos" uas txhais tau tias "taug kev ib sab" thiab cov lus txhais no ua tau zoo ntawm kev piav qhia nws lub ntsiab lus. Parallelism yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ywj pheej nrhiav tau ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm cov neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog caj ces, uas tshwm sim vim muaj cov yam ntxwv tau txais los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv. Hom evolution no yog dav dav hauv qhov xwm txheej. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog cov tsos ntawm flippers raws li kev hloov mus rau hauv dej ib puag ncig, uas nyob rau hauv walruses, eared seals thiab muaj tseeb seals tsim nyob rau hauv parallel. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm ntau cov kab kab, muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub forewings mus rau elytra. Cov ntses lobe-finned muaj cov cim qhia ntawm amphibians, thiab cov tsiaj-toothed lizards muaj cov cim ntawm cov tsiaj. Lub xub ntiag ntawm parallelism ua tim khawv tsis yog rau kev sib sau ntawm keeb kwm ntawm hom, tab sis kuj rau cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws ntawm kev muaj nyob.
