Austrian Empire. Kev sib sau ntawm Austrian Empire

Cov txheej txheem:

Austrian Empire. Kev sib sau ntawm Austrian Empire
Austrian Empire. Kev sib sau ntawm Austrian Empire
Anonim

Lub tebchaws Austrian tau tshaj tawm tias yog lub tebchaws huab tais hauv xyoo 1804 thiab kav mus txog xyoo 1867, tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov mus rau Austria-Hungary. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau hu ua Habsburg Empire, tom qab lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm Habsburgs, Franz, uas, zoo li Napoleon, kuj tau tshaj tawm nws tus kheej huab tais.

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Leej twg

Lub tebchaws Austrian nyob rau xyoo 19th, thaum koj saib daim ntawv qhia, zoo li cov ntaub pua plag. Nws yog tam sim ntawd paub meej tias qhov no yog ib lub xeev multinational. Thiab, feem ntau yuav, nws yog, raws li nws feem ntau tshwm sim, tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg. Saib los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv keeb kwm, ib tus tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias qhov no tshwm sim ntawm no thiab. Me me ntau xim specks, sau nyob rau hauv ib tug ciam teb - qhov no yog Habsburg Austria. Daim ntawv qhia qhia tshwj xeeb zoo li cas fragmented thaj av ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau. Cov keeb kwm kev faib tawm ntawm Habsburgs yog cov cheeb tsam me me nyob hauv cov neeg sib txawv kiag li. Kev sib sau ntawm Austrian Empire yog ib yam zoo li no.

  • Slovakia, Hungary, Czech koom pheej.
  • Transcarpathia (Carpathian Rus).
  • Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina(Banat).
  • Galicia, Bukovina.
  • Northern Ltalis (Lombardy, Venice).

Tsis yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua haiv neeg txawv, tiam sis kev ntseeg tsis sib haum. Cov neeg ntawm Austrian Empire (kwv yees li peb caug-plaub lab) yog ib nrab Slavs (Slovaks, Czechs, Croats, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs. Magyars (Hungarians) muaj txog tsib lab, txog tib cov neeg Italians.

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Ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm keeb kwm

Feudalism tseem tsis tau dhau los thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, tab sis Austrian thiab Czech cov kws txawj tuaj yeem hu lawv tus kheej cov neeg ua haujlwm, txij li kev lag luam ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tau txhim kho tag nrho rau cov peev txheej.

Lub Habsburgs thiab cov nom tswv ib puag ncig yog lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, lawv tau tuav txhua txoj haujlwm siab tshaj plaws - ob leeg tub rog thiab bureaucratic. Absolutism, lub dominance ntawm arbitrariness - bureaucratic thiab coercive nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, lub dictate ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic, lub richest lub koom haum nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman - tag nrho cov no cas ho tsim txom cov me me, koom ua ke, zoo li yog dej thiab roj tsis sib haum txawm nyob rau hauv. ib mixer.

Lub Tebchaws Austrian nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig

Lub Czech koom pheej tau dhau los ua Germanized, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov bourgeoisie thiab aristocracy. Cov tswv av Hungarian tau tsoo ntau lab tus neeg Slavic cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, tab sis lawv tus kheej kuj tseem nyob ntawm Austrian cov tub ceev xwm. Lub tebchaws Austrian tau tso siab rau nws cov xeev Italian. Nws tseem nyuaj rau kev paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev tsim txom no: kev tawm tsam ntawm feudalism tawm tsam kev lag luam lossis kev sib txawv hauv lub tebchaws.

Metternich, tus thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv thiab kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg, tau peb caug xyoo txwv ib qhoyam lus uas tsis yog German hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv, suav nrog tsev hais plaub thiab tsev kawm ntawv. Cov pejxeem feem ntau yog neeg ua liaj ua teb. suav tias yog dawb, cov neeg no tau vam khom rau cov tswv av, them cov nuj nqis, ua haujlwm ua haujlwm nco txog corvée.

Tsis yog cov neeg coob coob yws yws hauv qab tus quab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim feudal seem thiab lub hwj chim kiag li nrog nws qhov kev txiav txim siab. Cov bourgeoisie kuj tsis txaus siab thiab tau hais meej kom cov neeg tawm tsam. Lub kiv puag ncig hauv Austrian Empire tsuas yog kev zam tsis tau rau cov laj thawj saum toj no.

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National self-determination

Txhua haiv neeg muaj kev ywj pheej-hlub thiab kho nrog kev ntxhov siab rau kev txhim kho thiab khaws cia lawv cov kab lis kev cai hauv tebchaws. Tshwj xeeb yog Slavic. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav ntawm Austrian khau looj plab hlaub, Czechs, thiab Slovaks, thiab Hungarians, thiab Italians aspired rau nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv, kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab, thiab nrhiav kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub teb chaws hom lus. Cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom ua ke los ntawm ib lub tswv yim - kev txiav txim siab hauv lub tebchaws.

Cov txheej txheem tib yam tau tshwm sim ntawm Serbs, Croats. Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua neej nyob tau dhau los, qhov kev npau suav ntawm kev ywj pheej zoo dua, uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua yeeb yam, kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws ntaus nkauj. Cov kab lis kev cai hauv tebchaws tau nce siab tshaj qhov tseeb thiab txhawb nqa lawv cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig los txiav txim siab txog kev ywj pheej, kev sib luag, kev sib raug zoo - ua raws li tus piv txwv ntawm Great French Revolution.

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Vienna Kev Tawm Tsam

Nyob rau xyoo 1847, Austrian faj tim teb chaws "tau txais" heev qhov kev hloov pauv. Kev lag luam dav dav thiab ob xyoos ntawm cov qoob loo tsis ua tiav ntxiv cov txuj lom rau nws, thiablub impetus yog lub overthrow ntawm monarchy nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Twb tau nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1848, lub kiv puag ncig hauv Austrian Empire matured thiab tawg.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov kws tsim txuj ci tsim teeb meem ntawm txoj kev ntawm Vienna thiab thov kom tsoomfwv tawm haujlwm, tsis txhob ntshai cov tub rog imperial, uas tau nce mus rau kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev kub ntxhov. Tsoomfwv tau txais kev pom zoo, tshem tawm Metternich thiab qee tus thawj coj. Txawm ib tsab cai lij choj tau cog lus.

Cov pej xeem, txawm li cas los xij, tau ua tub rog sai sai: cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv txhua kis tsis tau txais dab tsi - txawm tias tsis muaj cai pov npav. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tsim ib txoj kev kawm legion, thiab cov bourgeoisie tsim ib lub teb chaws tus neeg saib xyuas. Thiab lawv tau tawm tsam thaum cov pab tub rog tsis raug cai no sim rhuav tshem, uas tau yuam tus huab tais thiab tsoomfwv kom khiav Vienna.

Peasants, li ib txwm, tsis muaj sij hawm los koom nyob rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig. Hauv qee qhov chaw lawv tau tawm tsam tsis tu ncua, tsis kam them nqi thiab txiav txim siab txiav cov tswv av 'groves. Cov chav kawm ua hauj lwm yog, ib txwm, ntau lub siab xav thiab koom ua ke. Lub fragmentation thiab ib tug tib neegism ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tsis ntxiv cohesion.

Tsis tiav

Zoo li txhua qhov kev tawm tsam German, Austrian kiv puag ncig tsis tiav, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua bourgeois-democratic. Cov neeg ua hauj lwm tseem tsis tau paub tab txaus, cov bourgeoisie, raws li ib txwm, yog liberal thiab coj treacherously, ntxiv rau muaj lub teb chaws strife thiab tub rog counterrevolution.

Tsis yeej. Lub monarchy rov pib dua thiab ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj kev kov yeej kev tsim txom rau cov neeg txom nyem thiab tsis muaj kev ywj pheej. Nws yog qhov zoo tias qee qhov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev hloov pauvtag nrho cov feudal system. Nws kuj yog qhov zoo uas lub teb chaws khaws nws thaj chaw, vim tias tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, ntau lub teb chaws homogeneous dua Austria kuj tawg. Daim ntawv qhia faj tim teb chaws tsis tau hloov.

Rulers

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Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, mus txog rau 1835, Emperor Franz kuv tuav tag nrho lub xeev affairs. Chancellor Metternich yog ntse thiab muaj hnyav hnyav nyob rau hauv kev nom kev tswv, tab sis nws yog feem ntau tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom convince tus huab tais. Tom qab qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo ntawm Fabkis Revolution rau Austria, tag nrho cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm Napoleonic tsov rog, Metternich feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov xav kom rov qab ua li ntawd kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv lub tebchaws.

Txawm li cas los xij, Metternich ua tsis tiav los tsim lub rooj sib tham nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, lub xeev cov zaub mov tsis tau txais lub hwj chim tiag tiag. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam rov qab rau Austria, nrog rau kev tawm tsam kev nom tswv, dhau peb caug xyoo ntawm Metternich txoj haujlwm tau hloov mus rau hauv lub xeev muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nws lub luag hauj lwm kuj zoo heev nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm counter-revolutionary Holy Alliance nyob rau hauv 1815.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib zog ua kom lub zog ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman los ntawm kev tawg tag, cov tub rog Austrian tau ua phem rau kev tawm tsam hauv Naples thiab Piedmont hauv xyoo 1821, tswj hwm kev ua tiav ntawm Austrian cov neeg tsis yog Austrians hauv lub tebchaws. Nrov kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab nraum Austria feem ntau raug txwv, vim tias cov tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws no tau txais lub koob npe tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev txiav txim siab hauv tebchaws.

Tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws, Metternich yog tus saib xyuas ntawm Ministry of Foreign Affairs, thiab Emperor Franz yog tus saib xyuas hauv tsev.xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev. Nrog kev saib xyuas zoo, nws tau saib xyuas txhua qhov kev txav mus los hauv kev kawm: cov neeg ua haujlwm nruj me ntsis xyuas txhua yam uas tuaj yeem kawm thiab nyeem. Lub censorship tau ua phem heev. Cov neeg sau xov xwm raug txwv tsis pub hais lo lus "tsoom fwv".

Txoj kev ntseeg nyob twj ywm, muaj qee qhov kev cai raus dej. Kev txiav txim ntawm Jesuit tau rov ua dua, cov Catholics saib xyuas kev kawm, thiab tsis muaj leej twg raug tshem tawm ntawm pawg ntseeg yam tsis tau kev tso cai los ntawm huab tais. Cov neeg Yudais raug tso tawm ntawm ghetto, thiab txawm tias cov tsev teev ntuj tau ua hauv Vienna. Nws yog thaum ntawd Solomon Rothschild tau tshwm sim ntawm cov tub lag luam, ua phooj ywg nrog Metternich. Thiab txawm tau txais lub npe baronial. Nyob rau hnub ntawd - qhov xwm txheej zoo kawg.

kawg ntawm lub hwj chim loj

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Txoj cai txawv tebchaws ntawm Austria nyob rau ib nrab xyoo pua yog tag nrho ntawm kev ua tsis tiav. Kev yeej tsis tu ncua hauv kev tsov rog.

  • Crimean War (1853-1856).
  • Austro-Prussian Tsov Rog (1866).
  • Austro-Italian Tsov Rog (1866).
  • tsov rog nrog Sardinia thiab Fabkis (1859).

Lub sijhawm no tau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia, tom qab ntawd kev tsim ntawm North German Union. Tag nrho cov no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Habsburgs poob kev cuam tshuam rau lub xeev tsis yog hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, tab sis thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Thiab - raws li qhov tshwm sim - cov xwm txheej ntawm lub hwj chim loj.

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