Dab tsi koom nrog Afghanistan, Tuam Tshoj, Mongolia thiab Russia? Lus. Kuv siv lus Mongolian tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm tib lub npe. Peb yuav tham txog nws ntau yam thiab nta hauv kab lus.
Language family
Lub npe "Mongolian" muab ob peb hom lus uas yog tib tsev neeg. Lawv zoo sib xws, vim ib zaug lawv yog ib tug. Linguists hais tias cov lus Mongolian poob sib nrug thaum ntxov li 5 xyoo pua AD.
Qee cov kws tshawb fawb qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm tsev neeg Altaic, uas suav nrog cov lus Mongolian nrog rau Turkic, Tungus-Manchurian, Korean. Lawv cov neeg tawm tsam ntseeg tias qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus no yog vim muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pej xeem, thiab tsis yog ib qho keeb kwm.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaj chaw faib ntawm tsev neeg Mongolian yog qhov dav heev. Nws npog thaj tsam ntawm Mongolia, Afghanistan, lub xeev qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab thaj tsam Volga ntawm Russia. Txog xyoo 1940, cov lus Mongolian tau ua cov lus sau ntawm Tuvans, cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Tuva.
Cov hauv qab no yog cov npe luv luv ntawm cov lus uas muaj nyob hauv pawg no:
| Lab lus | neeg | Area |
| Buryat | Buryats | Lub koom pheej ntawm Buryatia hauv Russia, Inner Mongolia hauv Suav teb |
| Kalmyk | Kalmyks | koom pheej ntawm Kalmykia hauv Russia |
| Baoan | baoan | PRC |
| Dagrusky | dagurs | PRC |
| Mughal | Afghans | Afghanistan |
| Shira Yugur | yugu | PRC |
| Hamnigansky | hmnigans | PRC, Mongolia, Russia (sab qab teb ntawm Baikal) |
Mongolian lus
Mongolian yog hom lus ntawm Xeev Mongolia. Lo lus tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev nkag siab dav dua. Nws tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov lus ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Cheeb Tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj - Inner Mongolia, thiab tseem muaj feem xyuam nrog cov lus niaj hnub thiab qub.
Cov pejxeem uas hais nws yog 5.8 lab tus tib neeg. Nws suav nrog sab hnub poob, nruab nrab thiab sab hnub tuaj ceg ntawm cov lus uas sib txawv feem ntau hauv xov tooj. Feem ntau yog cov lus Khalkha, uas yog ib feem ntawm pawg hauv nruab nrab. Cov lus sau thiab lus ntawm Mongolia yog tsim los ntawm nws, uas yog vim li cas Mongolian feem ntau hu ua lus Khalkha-Mongolian. Hauv Inner Mongolia, tsis muajmuaj ib lo lus tseem ceeb, yog li cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam no siv cov ntawv ib txwm siv.
Kev faib tawm raws li kev xav Altaic:
| Ntxhais hmoob | Altai |
| Branch | Mongolian |
| Group | Northern Mongolian |
| Subgroup | Central Mongolian |
Lub neej ntev ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Mongol-Turkic tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus. Vim lawv qhov zoo sib xws, qee cov neeg ntseeg tias cov lus Mongolian yog Turkic. Tab sis qhov tseeb lawv txawv, txawm tias muaj ntau Turkic qiv hauv Mongolian.
qauv sau ntawv
Languages agglutinative. Ntawd yog, ntau hom kev hais lus (suffixes thiab prefixes) yog "strung" ib qho ntawm lwm qhov, yog li hloov lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus. Txawm li cas los xij, tsev neeg no muaj qee yam ntawm inflection (hloov cov lus xaus).
Qhov tseeb, cov lus Mongolian txawv ntawm lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ceg vim tias nws tsis muaj tus kheej-predictative hais. Txwv tsis pub, lawv zoo sib xws. Cov pab pawg no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov kev sib txuas ntawm tus kheej, thiab cov npe ntawm tus kheej thiab tsis yog tus kheej tau hais los ntawm cov lus xaus.
Lo lus xaj yog nruj me ntsis ua ntej, tsis zoo li Lavxias. Ntawm no yog lo lus nyob rau hauv ua ntej lo lus tseem ceeb. Los ntawm kev hloov cov lus me ntsis, koj tuaj yeem tau txais kab lus sib txawv kiag li. Thaum pib yogxwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm, thiab cov predicate yog muab tso rau qhov kawg.
History
Nws xav tias kom txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua XII muaj ib hom Mongolian. Los ntawm txog 13th mus rau 17th centuries, muaj ib qho kev sau ntawv qub uas sau Mongolian lus. Nws yuav muab faib ua ob peb lub sij hawm: ancient (los ntawm XIII), preclassical (los ntawm XV) thiab classical (XVII-XX). Tib lub sijhawm, kaum txoj kev sau ntawv sib txawv tau siv nyob rau xyoo pua 13th. Cov classic version tseem siv nyob rau hauv Suav teb, tus so yog reflected nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus.
Cov lus sau qub Mongolian tau maj mam txo nws qhov ntau, nqaim mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Mongolia thiab lub xeev ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Qhov no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv sau dawb huv, uas tau hloov kho rau Oirat dialect. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Buryats tau tsim lawv tus kheej tsab ntawv raws li cov lus ib txwm muaj.
Mongolian tau muaj ob peb tus tsiaj ntawv ntev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim sib sau ua ke lawv, lawv xav txhais kev sau ntawv ua Latin. Tab sis xyoo 1945, cov tsiaj ntawv pib sau ua cov ntawv Cyrillic.
Mongolian lus
Tam sim no cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic siv hauv Mongolia, cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov lus muaj 35 tus tsiaj.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los qhia luv luv ntawm kev tsim cov kab lus hauv Mongolian, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm qhia tau qee cov lus. Cov piv txwv muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
| Sambainu | Nyob zoo |
| B | I |
| Chi | koj |
| Heng? | Leej twg? |
| YAMAR? | Koj yog tus twg? |
| Haana? | Qhov twg? |
| Bayarlaa | ua tsaug |
| Amgtai | Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg |
| Moore | Cat |
| Nhoy | Dog |
| baart(x)E | Nyob zoo |
