Cov txheej txheem xov tooj uas tshwm sim hauv ib lo lus feem ntau piav qhia nws qhov kev sau thiab hais tawm. Qhov no linguistic tshwm sim kuj yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum ua suab tsom xam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus qhia. Tshwj xeeb mloog yog them ntawm no mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib lub suab. Cov txheej txheem hu ua positional phonetic yog yam ntxwv ntawm ntau hom lus. Interestingly, ntau qhov kev hloov hauv lub suab tsim ntawm ib lo lus nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg hais lus. Ib tug neeg hloov cov vowels, ib tug neeg softens consonants. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Moscow bulo[sh]naya thiab St. Petersburg bulo[ch]ay twb dhau los ua phau ntawv.
Definition of concept
txheej txheem xov tooj yog dab tsi? Cov no yog cov kev hloov tshwj xeeb hauv lub suab qhia ntawm cov ntawv nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam. Hom txheej txheem no nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv no. Yog hais tias lawv tsis dictated los ntawm lub lexical Cheebtsam ntawm cov lus nws tus kheej, los ntawm lub general pronunciation ntawm lo lus (piv txwv li, kev nyuaj siab) - xws li ib tug tshwm sim yuav hu ua positional. Qhov no suav nrog txhua yam kev txo tus lej thiab cov suab, nrog rau qhov zoo nkauj kawg ntawm ib lo lus.
Lwm yam yog cov txheej txheem xov tooj hauv cov lus uas muab lub suab sib txawv ntawm cov lus. Lawv yuav raug hu ua combinatorial(piv txwv li, nyob ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov suab). Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no suav nrog assimilation, suab thiab softening. Ntxiv mus, ob lub suab tom qab (txheej txheem rov qab) thiab yav dhau los (kev vam meej) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam.
Vaj txoov
Ua ntej, cia peb txheeb xyuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txo qis. Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias nws yog yam ntxwv ntawm ob lub vowels thiab consonants. Raws li yav dhau los, cov txheej txheem xov tooj no yog tag nrho rau kev ntxhov siab hauv lo lus.
pib nrog, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tag nrho cov vowels nyob rau hauv cov lus yog muab faib nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov lus nyuaj. Rau sab laug ntawm nws mus ua ntej poob siab, mus rau sab xis - qab-poob siab. Piv txwv li, lo lus "TV". Stressed suab -vi-. Raws li, thawj pre-shock -le-, lub thib ob pre-shock -te-. Thiab poob siab -zor-.
Feem ntau, kev txo cov suab yog muab faib ua ob hom: ntau thiab zoo. Thawj yog txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm kev hloov ntawm lub suab tsim, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm kev siv thiab lub sijhawm. Cov txheej txheem xov tooj no cuam tshuam txog ib lub suab nkaus xwb, [y]. Piv txwv li, nws yog txaus kom hais meej lo lus "boudoir". Qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm no poob rau ntawm lub suab kawg, thiab yog tias nyob rau hauv thawj pre-stressed "u" yog hnov meej thiab ntau los yog tsawg nrov, ces nyob rau hauv lub thib ob pre-stressed yog hnov ntau weaker.
Kev txo qis yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Nws tsis tsuas yog hloov lub zog thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm lub suab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv timbre xim. Yog li, tus tsim articulatory ntawm lub suab hloov.
Piv txwv li, [o] thiab [a] nyob hauv txoj haujlwm muaj zog (piv txwv li hauv kev ntxhov siab) ib txwmtau hnov meej, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau confuse lawv. Cia peb muab lo lus "samovar" ua piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv thawj lub suab lus ua ntej kev ntxhov siab (-mo-), tsab ntawv "o" tau hnov qhov txawv txav, tab sis tsis tsim tag nrho. Rau nws, cov ntawv sau muaj nws tus kheej lub npe [^]. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob pre-stressed syllable, lub -vowel yog txawm ntau indistinctly tsim, muaj zog txo. Nws kuj muaj nws tus kheej lub npe [ъ]. Yog li, cov ntawv sau yuav zoo li no: [sm^var].
Vaj lus ua ntej los ntawm cov lus mos kuj tseem nthuav. Ib zaug ntxiv, nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm muaj zog, lawv tau hnov ntxhiab. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv unstressed syllables? Cia peb muab lo lus "spindle". Lub suab lus nyuab siab yog qhov kawg. Nyob rau hauv thawj pre-stressed vowel, nws yog weakly txo, nws yog denoted nyob rau hauv transcription li [ie] - thiab nrog ib tug overtone e. Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb pre-shocks tau raug txo kom tiav. Cov suab no txhais tau tias . Yog li, cov lus sau tseg yog raws li nram no: [v'rtietab].
Lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws paub lus Potebnya paub zoo. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias thawj lub suab lus uas muaj kev ntxhov siab yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub suab uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab. Tag nrho lwm tus yog qis dua rau nws. Yog hais tias tus vowel nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm muaj zog yog npaum li 3, thiab qhov qis tshaj qhov txo qis li 2, cov qauv hauv qab no yuav tau txais: 12311 (lo lus "grammatical").
Nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim (feem ntau hauv kev hais lus) thaum txo qis, piv txwv li lub suab tsis hais txhua. Muaj cov txheej txheem phonetic zoo sib xws hauv nruab nrab thiab tom kawg ntawm ib lo lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lo lus "hlau" peb tsis tshua hais tus vowel nyob rau hauv lub thib ob stressed syllable: [provlk], thiab nyob rau hauv lo lus "to" rau xoom.txo vowel nyob rau hauv stressed syllable [shtob]
Kev txo qis
Kuj nyob rau hauv cov lus niaj hnub no muaj cov txheej txheem xov tooj hu ua consonant txo. Nws yog lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias xws li lub suab tom kawg ntawm ib lo lus xyaum ploj mus (feem ntau yog xoom txo).
Qhov no yog vim lub physiology ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov lus: peb hais lawv ntawm lub exhale, thiab huab cua ntws qee zaum tsis txaus los hais lub suab kawg. Nws kuj nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: tus nqi ntawm kev hais lus, nrog rau cov lus hais (piv txwv li, hom lus).
Qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem pom, piv txwv li, hauv cov lus "mob", "lub neej" (qee cov lus tsis hais cov lus kawg). Tsis tas li ntawd, j qee zaum raug txo qis: peb hais lo lus "kuv" yam tsis muaj nws, txawm hais tias, raws li txoj cai, nws yuav tsum yog, vim "thiab" los ua ntej ib tug vowel.
Zaj
Sunning yog ib txoj kev txo qis, thaum lub suab consonants hloov raws li lub suab tsis muaj suab los yog qhov kawg ntawm ib lo lus.
Piv txwv li, cia peb siv lo lus "muab". Ntawm no, lub suab [g], nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov lag ntseg [k], sawv tom qab, yog lag ntseg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov sib xyaw ua ke [shk] tau hnov.
Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov kawg ntawm lo lus "oak". Ntawm no lub suab stunned rau [p].
Ib txwm hais lus consonants (los yog sonorants) kuj raug rau cov txheej txheem no, txawm tias tsis muaj zog heev. Yog tias peb piv cov lus ntawm lo lus "ntoo", qhov twg [l] yog tom qab lub suab, thiab "ox", qhov twg tib lub suab hauvkawg, nws yooj yim pom qhov txawv. Hauv qhov thib ob, tus sonorant suab luv dua thiab tsis muaj zog.
Voj
Txoj kev thim rov qab - suab. Nws twb belongs rau lub combinatorial, i.e., nyob ntawm tej lub suab uas sawv ze. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no siv rau cov lus tsis muaj suab uas nyob ua ntej cov suab.
Piv txwv li, lo lus xws li "hloov", "ua" - ntawm no lub suab tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov lus ua ntej thiab hauv paus. Qhov no tshwm sim kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lo lus: ko [z '] ba, pro [z'] ba. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm ciam teb ntawm lo lus thiab preposition: rau pog, "los ntawm lub zos".
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Lwm txoj cai ntawm phonetics yog qhov nyuaj suab soften thaum ua raws li cov lus mos.
Muaj ntau tus qauv:
- Lub suab [n] yuav mos yog nws sawv ua ntej [h] lossis [u]: ba [n '] schik, karma [n '] chik, nruas [n '] schik.
- Lub suab [s] softens nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ua ntej muag [t '], [n'], thiab [h], ua ntej [d '] thiab [n ']: mus [s '] t, [s ']neg, [s '] here, in [s '] nya.
Ob txoj cai no siv tau rau txhua tus neeg hais lus kawm, tab sis muaj cov lus hais qhov kev txo qis kuj tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem hais tau [d '] ntseeg lossis [s'] noj.
Kev sib haum xeeb
Cov txheej txheem xov tooj ntawm assimilation tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog assimilation. Hauv lwm lo lus, suab uas nyuaj rau kev hais tawm, zoo li zoo li cov neeg sawv ze. Qhov no siv rau kev sib txuas xws li "sch", "sch", thiab "shch", "zdch" thiab "stch". Xwb, [u] yog pronounced. Kev zoo siab - [n]astye; man - mu[u]ina.
Vim lus ua ke -tsya thiab -tsya kuj assimilated, es tsis txhob ntawm lawv [ts] yog hnov: tshoob[ts]a, sib ntaus[ts]a, hnov [ts]a.
Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev yooj yim. Thaum ib pab pawg neeg poob ib tug ntawm lawv: so [n] tse, izves [n] yak.
