Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tus nqi uas qhia tau hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov concentration ntawm cov reactants nyob rau lub sijhawm. Txhawm rau kwv yees nws qhov loj me, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov pauv thawj zaug ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Kev sib hlub sib pab
Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qee cov tebchaw uas nyob hauv tib daim ntawv sau ua ke nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom noj. Los ntawm kev xav txog lej, nws muaj peev xwm qhia tau qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem homogeneous thiab qhov kev hloov hauv concentration ib chav tsev lub sij hawm.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yog oxidation ntawm nitric oxide (2) rau nitric oxide (4).
txheej txheem ntau yam
Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj pib hauv ntau lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov moles ntawm pib reagents ib cheeb tsam ib chav tsev ib lub sijhawm.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntau yam yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab ke uas muaj cov xeev sib txawv.
Summarizing, peb nco ntsoov tias tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv qhia qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov moles ntawm thawj reagents (cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv) raulub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, ib chav tsev interface los yog ib chav tsev ntim.
Kev sib tw
Cia peb xav txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cia peb pib nrog concentration. Xws li ib tug dependence yog qhia los ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev loj hlob. Muaj qhov sib piv ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom sib cuam tshuam, coj los ntawm lawv cov stereochemical coefficients, thiab qhov ceev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Xav txog qhov sib npaug aA + bB=cC + dD, qhov twg A, B, C, D yog kua lossis roj. Rau cov txheej txheem saum toj no, qhov sib npaug kinetic tuaj yeem sau rau hauv tus account qhov proportionality coefficient, uas muaj nws tus nqi rau txhua qhov kev sib tshuam.
Raws li qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev nce nrawm, ib tus tuaj yeem nco ntsoov qhov kev sib tsoo ntawm cov khoom ua rau ib chav tsev ntim.
Kub
Xav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi. Cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv homogeneous systems tsuas yog ua tau thaum cov khoom sib tsoo. Tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov kev sib tsoo ua rau tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum cov khoom muaj zog ntxiv. Thaum cov reagents yog rhuab, qhov nce nyob rau hauv lub kinetic zog ntawm cov hais yog pom, tus naj npawb ntawm active molecules nce, yog li ntawd, ib tug nce nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi yog pom. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas kub thiab cov txheej txheem tus nqi yog txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj cai van't Hoff: txhua qhov kub nce los ntawm 10 ° C ua rau qhov nce ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntawm 2-4 zaug.
Catalyst
Xav txog cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi, cia peb tsom mus rau cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua kom cov txheej txheem nrawm, uas yog, ntawm cov catalysts. Nyob ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov catalyst thiab cov reactants, ntau hom catalysis yog qhov txawv:
- homogeneous daim ntawv, uas cov reactants thiab cov catalyst muaj tib lub xeev ntawm aggregation;
- heterogeneous thaum reactants thiab catalyst nyob rau tib theem.
Nickel, platinum, rhodium, palladium tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv raws li cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj uas ua kom muaj kev sib cuam tshuam.
Inhibitors yog cov tshuaj uas ua rau txo qis qhov tshwm sim.
thaj chaw hu
Dab tsi ntxiv txiav txim siab tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv? Chemistry tau muab faib ua ob peb ntu, txhua qhov cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm qee yam txheej txheem thiab qhov tshwm sim. Cov chav kawm ntawm lub cev chemistry tshuaj xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev sib cuag thiab kev ceev ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Txhawm rau kom muaj kev tiv thaiv thaj tsam ntawm cov reagents, lawv tau tsoo rau qee qhov loj me. Kev sib cuam tshuam sai tshaj plaws tshwm sim hauv cov kev daws teeb meem, uas yog vim li cas ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam tau ua tiav hauv qhov nruab nrab aqueous.
Thaum sib tsoo cov khib nyiab, ntsuas yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam. Piv txwv li, thaum pyrite (hlau sulfite) hloov mus rau hauv plua plav, nws cov khoom yog sintered nyob rau hauv ib lub kiln, uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidation ntawm cov compound no, thiab cov yield ntawm sulfur dioxide txo..
Reagents
Cia sim nkag siab yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj reagents cuam tshuam li cas? Piv txwv li, cov hlau nquag nyob hauv Beketov electrochemical series ua ntej hydrogen tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, thiab cov uas tom qab H2 tsis muaj peev xwm. Yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov hlau.
siab
Tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv cuam tshuam li cas rau tus nqi no? Chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas muaj feem xyuam nrog physics, yog li qhov kev vam khom yog ncaj qha proportional, nws yog tswj los ntawm cov cai roj. Muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov ntau. Thiab txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog txoj cai lij choj twg txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub txog lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke thiab qhov concentration ntawm reagents.
Hom nrawm hauv chemistry
Nws yog kev cai rau ib leeg tawm tam sim thiab qhov nruab nrab. Qhov nruab nrab tus nqi ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj yog txhais raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov concentrations ntawm reactants nyob rau ib lub sij hawm.
Tus nqi tau txais yog qhov tsis zoo thaum qhov concentration txo qis, qhov zoo thaum qhov kev sib txuam ntawm cov khoom lag luam nce ntxiv.
Tus nqi tiag (instantaneous) tus nqi yog qhov piv txwv ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm.
Nyob hauv SI system, tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj yog qhia hauv [mol×m-3×s-1].
Teeb meem hauv chemistry
Cia peb saib qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov teeb meem ntsig txog kev txiav txim siab ceev.
Piv txwv 1. Inchlorine thiab hydrogen yog tov nyob rau hauv ib lub nkoj, ces qhov sib tov yog rhuab. Tom qab 5 vib nas this, qhov concentration ntawm hydrogen chloride tau txais tus nqi ntawm 0.05 mol / dm 3. Xam qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov tsim ntawm hydrogen chloride (mol/dm3 s).
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov concentration ntawm hydrogen chloride 5 vib nas this tom qab kev sib cuam tshuam, rho tawm tus nqi pib ntawm qhov kawg concentration:
C(HCl)=c2 - c1=0.05 - 0=0.05 mol/dm3.
Xiav tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim ntawm hydrogen chloride:
V=0.05/5=0.010 mol/dm3 ×s.
Piv txwv 2. Hauv ib lub nkoj uas muaj qhov ntim ntawm 3 dm 3, cov txheej txheem hauv qab no tshwm sim:
C2H2 + 2H2=C2 H6.
thawj qhov loj ntawm hydrogen yog 1 g. Ob vib nas this tom qab pib qhov kev sib tshuam, qhov loj ntawm hydrogen tau txais tus nqi ntawm 0.4 g. Xam qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ethane ntau lawm (mol/dm 3xs).
Qhov loj ntawm hydrogen uas tshwm sim yog txhais raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi pib thiab tus lej kawg. Nws yog 1 - 0.4=0.6 (g). Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus naj npawb ntawm moles ntawm hydrogen, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los faib nws los ntawm molar loj ntawm cov pa roj: n \u003d 0.6/2 \u003d 0.3 mol. Raws li qhov sib npaug, 1 mole ntawm ethane yog tsim los ntawm 2 moles ntawm hydrogen, yog li, los ntawm 0.3 moles ntawm H2 peb tau 0.15 moles ntawm ethane.
Txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm qhov tshwm sim hydrocarbon, peb tau txais 0.05 mol / dm 3. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem suav tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm nws qhov tsim:=0.025 mol / dm 3 ×s.
Zoo kawg
Ntau yam cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam: qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj reacting (lub zog ua kom muaj zog), lawv cov concentration, muaj cov catalyst, qib ntawm kev sib tsoo, siab, hom hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, xib fwb N. N. Beketov tau hais tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov pawg ntawm cov thawj reagents thiab lub sij hawm ntawm cov txheej txheem. Qhov kev xav no tau lees paub hauv txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev txiav txim loj, tsim los ntawm 1867 los ntawm Norwegian chemists: P. Wage thiab K. Guldberg.
Lub cev chemistry kawm txog cov txheej txheem thiab nrawm ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem. Cov txheej txheem yooj yim tshaj plaws tshwm sim hauv ib theem yog hu ua cov txheej txheem monomolecular. Kev sib cuam tshuam nyuaj koom nrog ntau qhov kev sib cuam tshuam theem pib, yog li txhua theem raug txiav txim siab sib cais.
Yuav kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov nqi hluav taws xob tsawg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsiab yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem.
Piv txwv li, txhawm rau ua kom cov txheej txheem decomposition ntawm cov dej mus rau hauv cov khoom yooj yim, yuav tsum muaj catalyst, lub luag haujlwm ntawm manganese oxide (4).
Tag nrho cov nuances cuam tshuam nrog kev xaiv ntawm cov tshuaj reagents, xaiv qhov zoo siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias, qhov concentration ntawm reagents yog xam nyob rau hauv tshuaj kinetics.
