Thymus involution: txhais, qauv thiab lub ntsiab lus

Cov txheej txheem:

Thymus involution: txhais, qauv thiab lub ntsiab lus
Thymus involution: txhais, qauv thiab lub ntsiab lus
Anonim

Thymus lossis thymus caj pas yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Tias yog vim li cas qhov loj ntawm cov kab mob endocrine no hauv cov menyuam yaus loj dua li cov neeg laus. Nws qhov txo qis hauv lub sijhawm yog hu ua thymus involution. Xav paub ntxiv txog qhov tshwm sim tom qab hauv kab lus.

Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb

Lub thymus nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub hauv siab kab noj hniav, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub trachea (ua pa raj). Nws muaj ob lub lobes txuas nrog lub isthmus. Lub cev ncav cuag nws qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 30-40 grams ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev puberty, tom qab ntawd nws qhov loj me zuj zus.

Thymus belongs rau ob pawg ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cov kab mob endocrine. Ntawd yog, nws ua haujlwm ob txoj haujlwm: nws koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm T-lymphocytes (cov qe ntshav dawb ua lub luag haujlwm rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ib txwm muaj) thiab tsim cov thymosin thiab thymopoietin, uas tig mus txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

human thymus
human thymus

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm thymus hauv tus menyuam lub cev

Basicthymus ua nws txoj haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab thiab tom qab yug menyuam thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3 xyoos. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas nws nquag ua ke T-lymphocytes. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog los tiv thaiv tus menyuam los ntawm kev kis kab mob, vim tias tus menyuam lub cev muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic.

Lub thymus tsim cov tshuaj hormone thymosin, uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov lymphocytes. Nrog rau qhov txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm thymus, lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txo qis. Tus me nyuam nquag muaj teeb meem ua pa uas tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim.

Thaum thymus ua haujlwm tsis zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev, lub xeev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim. Nws yog manifested tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm ib tug txo nyob rau hauv tsis kam mus rau pathogenic cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, tab sis kuj rau cov kab mob uas nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug ib txwm lub xeev ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsis ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob. Lawv kuj raug hu ua cov neeg ua phem.

normal thymus
normal thymus

Ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm involution

txo qhov loj ntawm Thymus tuaj yeem yog ob hom:

  • hnub;
  • ncig.

Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, cov txheej txheem ntawm thymus involution muaj nyob rau hauv gradual hloov ntawm nws cov ntaub so ntswg nrog fatty qauv. Cov txheej txheem no tsuas yog siv rau lub caj pas thymus. Tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov pob txha thiab nyob rau hauv lub spleen xws li kev hloov pauv.

Hnub nyoog hloov pauv

Lub hnub nyoog ntsig txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm thymus yog suav tias yog tus qauv. Nws pib tom qab puberty. Nws qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no:

  • txo qis lub cev;
  • txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm, uas yog, inhibition ntawm T-lymphocyte ntau lawm;
  • hloov cov ntaub so ntswg hauv nruab nrog cev nrog rog.

Pathological anatomy micropreparations qhia tias cov ntaub so ntswg thymus thaum lub sij hawm involution poob meej ciam teb ntawm cortical thiab medulla. Muaj ib qho maj mam thickening ntawm cov partitions uas cais cov lobules ntawm ib leeg. Hassall's corpuscles (cov hlwb epithelial nyob rau hauv thymus medulla) ua loj thiab ntau ntau.

Tom qab tag nrho, yuav luag tag nrho qhov loj ntawm thymus yog hloov los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose. Tsuas yog cais cov Islands tuaj ntawm cov hlwb epithelial thiab reticular. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias hauv daim ntawv no, thymus tseem koom nrog hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tsim T-lymphocytes.

thymus involution
thymus involution

Txoj kev hloov pauv tsis raug

Raws li tau hais ua ntej hauv tsab xov xwm, hnub nyoog ntsig txog thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm thymus yog ob hom kev txo qis hauv qhov loj ntawm lub cev. Nqe lus no yuav tham txog hom kev hloov pauv thib ob hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lub caj pas thymus thiab cov hnub nyoog hloov pauv yog tias thawj zaug, qhov loj me ntawm lobules ntawm lub cev thiab cov lymphocytes txo qis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog kev cuam tshuam txog hnub nyoog, cov qog nqaij hlav yog hloov los ntawm cov rog rog.

Lo lus "kev sib tsoo" tau hais rov qab rau xyoo 1969, tab sis tseem tsis tau poob nws qhov tseeb. Qhov tseeb, nws txhais tau tias "kev huam yuaj". Tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, kev huam yuaj involution yograndom teb ntawm thymus caj pas rau ib qho teeb meem uas ua rau nws.

YCaus ntawm pathology

Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm thymus pib tsis nkag siab tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws kho mob txheeb xyuas ntau yam kev pheej hmoo uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kev hloov pauv no. Cov no suav nrog:

  • hluav taws xob raug;
  • noj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob;
  • noj tshuaj hormonal;
  • kab mob oncological, feem ntau hemoblastoses (malignant neoplasms ntawm cov pob txha pob txha);
  • kab mob kis kab mob.

Tseem muaj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho thymus pathology ntawm cov xwm txheej xws li hypothermia thiab hypoxia (txo qis hauv oxygen concentration hauv cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev). Txawm li cas los xij, lawv lub ntsiab lus tsis meej meej.

thymus micropreparation
thymus micropreparation

theem tseem ceeb: thawj, thib ob thiab thib peb

Thaum kawm txog pathology ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm thymus, qee theem ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hauv lub caj pas yuav tsum tau paub qhov txawv. Conventionally, muaj tsib theem, los yog theem.

Thawj theem yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov thyroid caj pas. Qhov ntim thiab cov qauv ntawm thymus sib haum rau cov menyuam noj qab haus huv.

Nyob rau theem ob, muaj ib feem poob ntawm lymphocytes, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub cortical (sab nrauv) txheej ntawm lub caj pas. Ntxiv mus, lawv raug rhuav tshem chaotically lossis "zes". Macrophages lo rau cov lymphocytes thiab "nqus" lawv. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv kho mob, cov txheej txheem no hu ua phagocytosis. Ib feem ntawm cov lymphocytes txo qis vim lawv cov dej ntws mus rau hauvtag nrho ntshav ntws.

Nyob rau theem thib peb, cov txheej txheem nce ntxiv, lub cev qhuav dej ntawm reticular mesh ntawm thymus tsim. Muaj ntau cov lymphocytes hauv medulla dua li hauv cortex. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum kuaj xyuas lub micropreparation ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm thymus nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntsuas, lub medulla zoo li tsaus, txawm tias nws yuav tsum yog lwm txoj hauv kev.

Kuj nyob rau theem no, muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm lub cev thymic me. Feem ntau, lawv tau pom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv medulla, thiab nyob rau theem thib peb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, lawv pib populate cortical ib yam nkaus.

theem tseem ceeb: thib plaub thiab thib tsib

Nyob rau theem plaub, tus mob hnyav zuj zus ntxiv. Muaj qhov txo qis hauv lymphocytes los ntawm medulla, yog li nws ua teeb meem loj heev kom paub qhov txawv ntawm thaj tsam cortical los ntawm lub hlwb. Thymic lub cev yog ua ke nrog ib leeg, uas zoo li loj cystic formations ntawm microslide. Cov qauv no tau ntim nrog cov protein tso tawm nrog kev suav nrog hauv daim ntawv teev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus no tawm hauv cov kab mob cystic los ntawm lymphatic capillaries.

Nyob rau theem thib tsib (lossis davhlau ya nyob twg) theem, atrophy thiab sclerosis ntawm lub cev tsim. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov thymus tau txo qis hauv qhov loj, cov ntaub so ntswg septa yog thickened. Muaj tsawg heev lymphocytes; dhau sij hawm, yuav luag tag nrho lub cev yog hloov los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Calcium ntsev tau tso rau hauv lub cev thymic, uas yog hu ua calcification lossis petrification.

Yog li, thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv thymus, cov txheej txheem hauv qab no tshwm sim:

  • txo qhov loj melub cev;
  • qhov poob qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm thymus;
  • txo qis ntawm cov lymphocytes mus txog qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav;
  • hloov cov thymus nrog cov ntaub so ntswg;
  • deposition ntawm petrificates hauv thymic lub cev.
khaub thuas
khaub thuas

Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm ob qho tag nrho thiab tsis tiav kev cuam tshuam ntawm thymus yog qhov poob rau hauv nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Nrog rau hnub nyoog hloov pauv, tsis muaj cov tsos mob tshwm sim, vim qhov no, qhov tseeb, yog tus qauv rau ib tug neeg. Thiab nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg hauv thymus muaj nuj nqi tshwm sim sai sai thiab tshwm sim nws tus kheej mus rau qhov loj, qee cov tsos mob tshwm sim.

Cov tsos mob dav dav uas tshwm sim tsis hais qhov ua rau pathology muaj xws li cov hauv qab no:

  • kev qaug zog, qaug zog;
  • nce qhov loj ntawm yuav luag txhua pab pawg ntawm cov qog ntshav;
  • ua tsis taus pa - ua tsis taus pa;
  • mob khaub thuas ntau zaus, kab mob sib kis vim qhov txo qis hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob;
  • hnyav ntawm daim tawv muag, zoo li yog ib tus neeg nias rau lawv.

Nws kuj yog ib qho uas ib tug neeg muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kho mob uas cuam tshuam rau ib qho laj thawj tshwj xeeb ntawm thymus involution. Piv txwv li, cov kab mob oncological yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txhim kho anemic syndrome, pallor lossis yellowness ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tsis qab los noj mov, thiab poob phaus. Hauv cov kab mob inflammatory, tus neeg mob muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kub taub hau, ua daus no, ua kom tsis zoo ntawm tus mob.

thymus ultrasound
thymus ultrasound

Kev kuaj kab mob

Kev kuaj mob pib nrog cov lus nug ntxaws ntawm tus neeg mob txog nws cov lus tsis txaus siab, anamnesis ntawm lub neej thiab kab mob. Thymus involution tseem tsis tau paub meej. Qhov no tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov kev kho mob tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam kab mob pathological. Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem no yog nrhiav nws qhov laj thawj.

Qhov kev cuam tshuam nws tus kheej tuaj yeem pom nrog kev pab ntawm ultrasound (ultrasound), dawb radiography ntawm lub hauv siab kab noj hniav. Tab sis ultrasound yog ib txoj kev kuaj mob txhim khu kev qha. Nws tso cai rau koj pom cov qauv, qhov loj me, cov duab ntawm thymus, muaj cov kab mob pathological hauv nws, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev rau cov qauv nyob ib puag ncig nws.

Kuj ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Siv txoj kev ntsuam xyuas no, koj tuaj yeem pom cov lej sib txawv ntawm cov lymphocytes thiab yog li ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm thymus caj pas.

Anatomy ntawm thymus
Anatomy ntawm thymus

Zoo kawg

Thymus involution yog ib qho txheej txheem anatomical nyuaj uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Tom qab tag nrho, thymus ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev - nws muab kev tiv thaiv rau tib neeg los ntawm cov kab mob txawv teb chaws. Hmoov zoo, nrog kev tshem tawm raws sijhawm ntawm qhov ua rau, qhov xwm txheej no thim rov qab. Cov thyroid ua haujlwm tuaj yeem rov qab los. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom paub txog qhov teeb meem sai li sai tau txhawm rau tiv tauj tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv lub sijhawm, leej twg yuav sau ntawv kho kom zoo.

Pom zoo: