Tam sim no, ntau txhiab lub tebchaw sib txawv tau paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog qhov tsis yooj yim sua kom nco qab cov qauv, npe, thiab ntau dua li cov khoom ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom yooj yim dua faib cov tshuaj sib xyaw rau ntau pua xyoo. Lawv tau ua tiav zoo hauv qhov no. Xav txog kev faib cov khoom yooj yim thiab nyuaj ntawm chemistry, thiab muab cov lus piav qhia luv luv rau lawv.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw yooj yim thiab nyuaj
Txhua cov tshuaj tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Tej yam yooj yim yog cov khoom uas nws cov molecules muaj atoms ntawm ib lub caij. Cov tshuaj complex yog cov tebchaw uas twb muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Ob pab pawg tau muab faib, tig mus rau hauv pawg sub uas muaj cov qauv thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws.
| Simple khoom | Cov khoom tsis sib haum | ||||||
| Metals | Nonmetals | Amphigenes | Airogens | Oxides | foundations | Acids | Sats |
yam yooj yim
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov tshuaj yooj yim yog tsim los ntawm cov atoms ntawm ib lub caij nyoog ntawm lub caij nyoog, yog li lawv cov npe sib txuam nrog cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj no ntawm lub rooj. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm "tshuaj lom neeg" thiab "cov khoom siv yooj yim", ib qho yuav tsum nkag siab tias nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub ntsiab yog suav tias yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - raws li cov khoom nws tus kheej, uas muaj. nws cov khoom. Piv txwv li, muaj dej oxygen raws li lub ntsiab lus nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom, thiab muaj cov pa oxygen raws li cov khoom muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, xws li tsis hnov tsw thiab xim.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom yooj yim
Cia peb xav paub ntau ntxiv rau txhua pab pawg ntawm cov khoom yooj yim. Muaj plaub ntawm lawv:
- Metals, lossis hlau sib txuas, yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg 1-3 (nrog rau kev zam ntawm boron) ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm ntawm D. I. Mendeleev, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pab pawg thib ob, octinoids thiab lantonoids. Tag nrho cov hlau yog malleable thiab muaj ib tug metallic luster, thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity.
- Cov hlau tsis yog hlau, lossis cov hlau tsis yog hlau, suav nrog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg 8-6 (xws li polonium), nrog rau phosphorus, arsenic, carbon (los ntawm pawg 5), silicon, carbon (los ntawm pawg 4th) thiab boron (los ntawm 3rd).
- Amphigenes, lossis amphoteric compounds, yog cov tebchaw uas muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm thawj ob pawg pawg tau piav qhia saum toj no. Piv txwv li, zinc, txhuas thiab lwm yam.
- Noble (inert) gases suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg 8: radon, xeon, krypton, argon, neon, helium. Lawv txhua tus tsis ua haujlwm.
Chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj complex
Rau kom nkag siab meej txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab cov khoom sib txawv, peb yuav piav qhia txhua pawg ntawm cov tshuaj complex nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lawv cov pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke, uas yog, peb yuav muab cov npe ntau yam sib txawv uas, ua ib feem ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm pawg no, ua rau lawv complex.
- Oxides yog cov khoom uas suav nrog ob lub ntsiab lus, ib qho yog oxygen. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog complex tshuaj. Oxides yog: yooj yim, acidic, amphoteric, binary thiab non-s alt-forming (piv txwv li, CO, TSIS MUAJ, N2O, thiab lwm yam).
- Bases, lossis hydroxides, suav nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj OH pawg (qhov no yog pawg hydroxyl). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov tebchaw muaj qee cov khoom (tsuas yog hlau) + ib pawg hydroxo uas muaj hydrogen thiab oxygen. Yog li, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hydroxides suav nrog peb lub ntsiab lus thiab qhov no yog ib qho khoom siv nyuaj. Lawv yog: amphoteric, yooj yim thiab acidic.
- Rau cov kua qaub yog cov tshuaj uas hydrogen ions yog cations. Cov ions tsis zoo, los yog anions, ntawm cov kua qaub yog hu ua acid residues. Nws hloov tawm tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kua qaub tuaj yeem suav nrog oxygen, hydrogen, thiab ib qho ntxiv (feem ntau yog cov hlau tsis yog hlau). Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj no kuj complex. Cov kua qaub tuaj yeem ua rau oxygenated lossis anoxic, monobasic lossis dibasic lossis tribasic, tsis muaj zog lossis muaj zog.
- Thiab thaum kawg, ntsev yog cov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau cation thiab anion ntawm cov kua qaub seem. Ntawm chav kawm, thiab qhov no yog ib tug complex tshuaj. Cov ntsev yog: qaub, nruab nrab, yooj yim, sib tov thiab ob.
