Niaj hnub nimno haiv neeg yog qhov xav tsis thoob yam tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb, cov txuj ci thiab thev naus laus zis. Tshaj li 100 xyoo dhau los, cov kev tsim kho no tau hloov pauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg thiab nws cov tswv yim txog lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb, qee qhov ntawm lawv yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no.
Ntaus Asmeskas cov neeg tsim khoom Benjamin Franklin thiab Thomas Edison
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) yog suav tias yog tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho kev nom kev tswv thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws, tab sis nws paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws txoj kev hlub ntawm kev sim nrog hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nws tau tsim tus pas nrig thiab muab tso rau ntau qhov kev xav txog hluav taws xob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov khoom tsim muaj xws li lub ntsej muag bifocal, lub tso zis tso zis thiab lub ntsuas ntsuas.
Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas thiab tus kws tsim khoom nto moo yog Thomas Edison (1847-1931). Nyob rau hauv tus account ntawm tus txiv neej no ntau tshaj 1000 txawv inventions. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog lub teeb incandescent. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm nws inventions yog nyob rau hauv lub tebxov tooj cua electronics thiab cinematography. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias yog tias koj faib tag nrho Edison qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm nws lub neej (nrog rau qhov tshwj tsis yog thaum yau), nws hloov tawm tias nws tau tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab txhua ob lub lis piam.
Asmeskas uas yeej Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics
Cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas uas tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics yog ntev heev. Ntawm no yog cov npe ntawm cov neeg nto moo tshaj plaws uas tau txais qhov khoom plig siab tshaj 15 xyoo dhau los:
- David J. Gross, H. David Politzer thiab Frank Wilczek. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau txais qhov khoom plig xyoo 2004 rau kev tshawb fawb hauv kev sib raug zoo physics.
- Roy J. Glauber. Tau los ua tus Nobel laureate nyob rau hauv 2005 rau kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm quantum theory thiab coherence nyob rau hauv optics.
- John C. Mather thiab George Smoot. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau txais qhov khoom plig xyoo 2006 rau kev tshawb fawb chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tshawb pom ntawm anisotropy ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob.
- Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt thiab Adam G. Riess. Tag nrho cov kws tshawb fawb no tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv 2011 rau lawv qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm supernovae.
- Lub 2017 Physics Prize tau muab tsub rau kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Asmeskas cov kws tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm gravitational nthwv dej. Nws tau muab khoom plig rau Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish thiab Kip Thorne.
American Nobel Laureates hauv Chemistry
Tshaj li 15 xyoo dhau los, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau kev ua tiav hauv chemistry. Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev npe thiab qhov sib thooj ntawm kev tshawb pom:
- Irwin Rose. American biochemist uas tau txais khoom plig xyoo 2004 rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb txog ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation.
- Robert H. Grubbs thiab Richard R. Schrock. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau txais khoom plig xyoo 2005 rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov organic metathesis synthesis.
- Roger D. Kornberg. Tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau los ua tus yeej hauv xyoo 2006 rau nws txoj kev kawm ntawm eukaryotes.
- Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien. American biochemists, tau txais khoom plig hauv xyoo 2008. Qhov khoom plig tau mus rau lawv rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb txog cov protein fluorescent ntsuab.
- Thomas A. Steitz. Nobel Laureate 2009. Muab khoom plig rau kev tshawb fawb dav hauv cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm ribosome.
- Robert Lefkowitz thiab Brian Kobilka. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais qhov khoom plig xyoo 2012 rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov receptors txuas nrog lub npe G protein.
Yog tias peb tham txog Nobel Prizes rau Asmeskas cov kws tshawb fawb hauv chemistry hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ces nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg Theodore William Richards (Theodore William Richards, 1914), uas tau txais txiaj ntsig rau kev txiav txim siab txog atomic mass. ntawm ntau yam tshuaj, nrog rau Harold Clayton Urey (Harold Clayton Urey, 1934), uas pom hnyavhydrogen deuterium.
American uas paub lawv tus kheej los ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm hauv kev tshuaj
Ntawm no yog cov npe nrov American Nobel laureates hauv tshuaj txij li xyoo pua 20:
- Thomas H. Morgan. Xyoo 1933 nqi zog rau kev tshawb pom lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm chromosomes hauv kev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces.
- YJoseph Erlanger thiab Herbert S. Gasser. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau dhau los ua tus yeej hauv xyoo 1944 rau lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb txog paj hlwb.
- Selman A. Waksman. 1952 nqi zog rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm thawj cov tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob, streptomycin.
- Peyton Rous thiab Charles B. Huggins. Xyoo 1966 cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig uas tau txais txiaj ntsig los tshawb pom cov tshuaj hormonal kho mob qog noj ntshav prostate.
- David B altimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau txais qhov khoom plig xyoo 1975 rau lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb txog seb cov kab mob qog noj ntshav cuam tshuam li cas nrog cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm lub xov tooj.
- Michael S. Brown thiab Joseph L. Goldstein. Lawv yeej qhov khoom plig xyoo 1985. Tau txais qhov khoom plig rau kev tshawb pom ntawm cov roj cholesterol metabolism.
Hais txog cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas niaj hnub no, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg Bruce Beutler, uas tau los ua tus Nobel laureate hauv 2011 rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab John O'Keefe, uas yeej qhov khoom plig xyoo 2014 rau kev tshawb fawb hlwb.
American uas paub lawv tus kheej hauv thaj tebntaub ntawv
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas uas tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv Kev Sau Ntawv thaum xyoo pua 20th yog tsawg dua li cov neeg Asmeskas cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv natural sciences. Yog li, rau XX thiab XXI centuries, tsuas yog 10 Americans tau txais lub npe no. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Ernest Hemingway (1954 khoom plig rau Tus Neeg Laus thiab Hiav Txwv), Joseph Brodsky (1987 khoom plig rau Keeb Kwm ntawm 20th Century) thiab Toni Morrison (1993 nqi zog rau Tus Hlub).
