Pib pib txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm Carolingian kev sau ntawv tsis zoo: kev sau ntawv tau ua kom sib zog, lawv cov voj voog tawg thiab cov hlab ntsha ntsug tau muaj zog dua. Lub concentration ntawm tus nyeem ntawv pib hloov los ntawm ib tsab ntawv mus rau cov duab ntawm ib lo lus. Cov hom Gothic uas tshwm sim tau teeb tsa lub ntsiab lus keeb kwm tshiab.
sau ntawv Gothic
Ib lo lus lossis ntawv, nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov ntawv, tuaj yeem tsim txhua yam kev xav. Kev sau ntawv Gothic, sawv cev rau tsev neeg ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm Latin tsab ntawv ntawm Medieval era, evokes ib daim ntaub thaiv ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab lub hwj chim. Siv cov ntawv sau zoo li no, tus kws sau ntawv xa mus rau tus neeg xa ntawv tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev koom tes hauv kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub lossis lub sijhawm sib xws. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav los ntawm cov khw muag khoom qub, cov tuam txhab lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam kev ntseeg thiab cov ntawv xov xwm Western European, ua tawm cov npe thiab cov ncauj lus hauv hom Gothic.
Nrog nws lub npe, uas tshwm simTsis ntev tom qab ntawd, tsab ntawv Gothic yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub koom haum Germanic thaum ub ntawm pab pawg - Goths. Cov tib neeg ntawm Italian Renaissance ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th tau txiav txim siab tias cov ntawv sau ua tsis ncaj ncees thiab qhia lawv tus cwj pwm tsis zoo hauv kev sau npe tsab ntawv no, tawm tsam nws rau Roman thaum ub.
Qhov tsos ntawm Gothic font
Nyob hauv lub teb chaws twg sau ntawv Gothic pib? Hauv lo lus nug no, ntau tus nyiam hais txog lub teb chaws Yelemees, koom nrog qhov tseeb tias lub sijhawm Gothic tau tsim muaj. Tab sis raws li cov chaw muaj sia nyob thiab qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov keeb kwm kos duab, thawj cov piv txwv ntawm cov style tau tshwm sim hauv cov tsev teev ntuj nyob rau sab qaum teb Fabkis los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, nrog rau qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, ib hom kev sau ntawv tshiab pib tshwm sim - ib tsab ntawv taw qhia monastic. Daim duab ntawm cov ntawv hloov pauv, cov yam ntxwv tawg tau pib tshwm rau hauv nws, thaum cov kab ntsug tau nce ntxiv thiab muaj zog ntxiv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov binders, kom txog rau thaum lawv tsis tshua pom.
Cov tsos ntawm cov qauv tshiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov nqi siab ntawm cov ntawv thiab parchment ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nrog rau qhov nyuaj ntawm lawv cov khoom siv lossis kev muaj peev xwm los tsim cov ntawv, kom txo qis qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau. hauv ib phau ntawv.
Early Gothic (los yog Proto-Gothic) kis mus rau Western Europe thiab tau siv dav mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.
Qhov txawv ntawm
Qhov dav dav ntawm cov cim ntawm kev sau ntawv Gothic tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv cov plaub hau ua kev sau ntawvtxhais tau hais tias, nyob ntawm qhov txiav thiab txoj kab nqes (45 degrees), muab cov kab sib txuas. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm tsab ntawv yog nruj parallelism ntawm strokes rau ib leeg, uas muaj tag nrho cov ntsiab (rog thiab plaub hau nta, angular khoov). Cov tsiaj ntawv Gothic xws li m, n, u, thiab kuv sawv cev ntsug ntaus (piv txwv li, tsawg). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum lo lus suav nrog tag nrho cov ntawv qhia, nws nyuaj heev los nyeem nws.
Txoj kev nyiam ua rau txoj kab ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv Gothic, nws kuj tau hais tawm hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kab txuas uas nyob ib sab. Tam sim no cov ntawv uas nyob ib sab o thiab e tau hloov mus rau hauv kev tsim kho uas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv nyuaj dua.
hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv Gothic
Kev sau ntawv Gothic tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv nws keeb kwm. Hauv ntau lub xeev, thaum tswj hwm kev lees paub, Gothic style tau txais cov khoom tshwj xeeb, thiab cov ntawv sau tau txais lawv cov npe. Cov ntawv sau uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no tau pib nrog kev siv zog ntawm German calligraphers nyob rau xyoo pua 15th.
Texture (los ntawm Latin textualis - ntaub) yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv Gothic. Qhov elongation ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv loj Latin muab qhov txawv ntawm qhov font no. Cov ntawv nyeem sib npaug thiab ntom ntom npog tag nrho cov parchment, tsim ib daim duab ntawm kev sau ntawv tsaus nti zoo li daim ntaub.
Rotunda (los ntawm Italian rotonda - puag ncig) yog Italian ntau yam kev sau ntawv Gothic uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo pua 12th. Cov font no yog cim los ntawm roundness ntawm kev sau cov cim thiab tsis muaj kev so hauv kab.
Fraktura (los ntawm Latin littera fractura - tsab ntawv tawg) yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv lig ntawm Germanic Gothic sau, uas tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Hom kev sau ntawv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntse-taw tes tawg. Nyob rau hauv lub centuries tom ntej no, ib feem los ua tus tseem ceeb style nyob rau hauv lub Nordic lub teb chaws.
Gothic style nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab sau
Slavic fonts, sib piv rau cov Latin, tau coj txoj kev sib txawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov teeb meem no, yog li cov lus nug feem ntau tseem qhib niaj hnub no.
Hauv kev sau ntawv Lavxias, Gothic style tau tsis muaj zog cuam tshuam hauv kev khi puag ncig (1497), uas tau siv rau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm thaum ntxov hauv tebchaws Russia. Kev sib xyaw thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov cim Gothic tau pom zoo hauv kev sau cov lus hauv cov ntawv no. Nws yog paub tias thaum xub thawj ligature tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv nqe lus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm ob peb intertwining tsab ntawv, tab sis tsis ntev tag nrho cov kab tau sau nrog nws. Zoo li cov ntawv Gothic, cov ntawv nyeem nyuaj heev.
Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ua tsaug rau kev hloov kho ntawm Peter lub Great, Lavxias teb sab kev hloov kho ntawm nrov Western European fonts pib tsim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Txoj kev nkag siab
Kev sau ntawv Gothic, txawm hais tias txhua qhov kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev coj ua ntawm kev nthuav qhia, hnyav dhau rau kev sau ntawv thiab ib txwm muajkev pom kev pom. Cov tsiaj ntawv loj Latin, txheej saum toj ntawm ib leeg, muab cov duab tsaus nti, tsis pom tseeb thiab hnyav ntawm kev sau ntawv. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, coj mus rau ib tug tsawg lub suab ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.
Yog li, thaum ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo nkauj, kev sau ntawv Gothic tsis tau raws li qhov ua tau zoo. Cov tom ntej Renaissance tau coj cov ntawv tshiab, hu ua humanistic antiqua, raws li Carolingian minuscule.
Zoo kawg
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no, ib tus tuaj yeem pom tias yog thawj zaug yug ntawm Gothic style ntawm kev sau ntawv yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev xav txog nyiaj txiag (parchment yog ib qho khoom kim heev), tom qab ntawd cov style font no tau tshwm sim lawm. saj ntawm aristocratic lub voj voog thiab tuaj yeem nqa cov lus tshwj xeeb. Muaj ib hom kev zam rau cov ntawv nyeem tsis tau. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm qhov ntawd, Gothic font sib haum xeeb zoo kawg nkaus thiab echoed cov qauv hauv kev kos duab.
Kev sau ntawv Gothic tau tuav cov ntawv sau nyob sab Europe kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 15th thiab dhau los ntawm nws mus rau thawj cov ntawv luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, ib tug tom qab version ntawm tsab ntawv no - ib feem - tau nquag siv mus txog rau thaum thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab tseem siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov paib rau cov khw, tsev so, chaw ua hauj lwm thiab nyob rau hauv advertising ntawv. Tias yog vim li cas kev sau ntawv Gothic thiaj li hu ua German. Tam sim no, Gothic fonts tseem xav tau hauv ntau lub zej zog hauv ntau lub teb chaws, tab sis rau feem ntau lawv yog cov qauv ntawm Italian rotunda style.
