Kev ncua deb ntawm kab sib npaug. Kev ncua deb ntawm cov dav hlau sib luag

Cov txheej txheem:

Kev ncua deb ntawm kab sib npaug. Kev ncua deb ntawm cov dav hlau sib luag
Kev ncua deb ntawm kab sib npaug. Kev ncua deb ntawm cov dav hlau sib luag
Anonim

Kab thiab dav hlau yog ob lub ntsiab lus geometric tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov duab sib txawv hauv 2D thiab 3D qhov chaw. Xav txog yuav ua li cas thiaj nrhiav tau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab sib txuas thiab cov dav hlau sib txuas.

Math txoj kab ncaj nraim

Los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov chav kawm geometry nws paub tias nyob rau hauv ob-dimensional rectangular coordinate system ib kab tuaj yeem teev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hauv qab no:

y=kx + b.

Qhov twg k thiab b yog tus lej (tsis muaj). Daim ntawv sau los ntawm kev sawv cev ib kab hauv ib lub dav hlau yog lub dav hlau uas nyob rau tib lub z-axis hauv qhov chaw peb sab. Raws li qhov no, hauv kab lus no, rau kev ua lej ntawm txoj kab ncaj nraim, peb yuav siv daim ntawv yooj yim dua thiab universal - vector one.

Xav tias peb kab yog sib npaug rau qee qhov vector u¯(a, b, c) thiab hla dhau qhov taw tes P(x0, y0, z0). Hauv qhov no, hauv daim ntawv vector, nws qhov sib npaug yuav raug sawv cev raws li hauv qab no:

(x, y, z)=(x0, y 0, z0) + λ(a, b, c).

Ntawm no λ yog tus lej twg. Yog tias peb qhia meej meej cov kev tswj xyuas los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov lus sau, ces peb yuav tau txais daim ntawv parametric ntawm kev sau ib kab ncaj nraim.

Nws yooj yim ua haujlwm nrog vector sib npaug thaum daws ntau yam teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab sib npaug.

Kab thiab qhov nrug ntawm lawv

Parallel kab hauv ib lub dav hlau
Parallel kab hauv ib lub dav hlau

Nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab los tham txog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab tsuas yog thaum lawv sib npaug (hauv qhov peb-dimensional, kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis yog xoom nrug ntawm kab skew). Yog hais tias cov kab sib tshuam, ces nws pom tseeb tias lawv nyob ntawm xoom nrug ntawm ib leeg.

Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab sib txuas yog qhov ntev ntawm qhov txuas txuas rau lawv. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas no, nws txaus los xaiv qhov chaw tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kab thiab tso ib qho perpendicular ntawm nws mus rau lwm qhov.

Cia peb piav luv luv txog cov txheej txheem nrhiav qhov kev ncua deb uas xav tau. Xav tias peb paub cov vector sib npaug ntawm ob kab, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv hauv qab no:

(x, y, z)=P + λu¯;

(x, y, z)=Q + βv¯.

Tsim ib qho parallelogram ntawm cov kab no kom ib sab yog PQ, thiab lwm yam, piv txwv li, u. Pom tseeb, qhov siab ntawm daim duab no, kos los ntawm taw tes P, yog qhov ntev ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv perpendicular. Txhawm rau nrhiav nws, koj tuaj yeem siv cov hauv qab no yooj yimformula:

d=|[PQ¯u¯]|/|u¯|.

Vim qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim yog qhov ntev ntawm cov ntu ntu nruab nrab ntawm lawv, tom qab ntawd raws li cov lus sau, nws txaus los nrhiav cov qauv ntawm cov khoom vector ntawm PQ¯ thiab u¯ thiab faib cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub vector u¯.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm txoj haujlwm los txiav txim qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab ncaj

Kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab sib txuas
Kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab sib txuas

Ob kab ncaj yog muab los ntawm cov kab zauv hauv qab no:

(x, y, z)=(2, 3, -1) + λ(-2, 1, 3);

(x, y, z)=(1, 1, 1) + β(2, -1, -3).

Los ntawm cov kab lus sau tau pom tseeb tias peb muaj ob kab sib npaug. Tseeb tiag, yog tias peb muab faib los ntawm -1 qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev taw qhia vector ntawm thawj kab, peb tau txais cov kev tswj hwm ntawm cov kev taw qhia vector ntawm kab thib ob, uas qhia txog lawv qhov sib npaug.

Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab ncaj yuav raug suav nrog siv cov qauv sau hauv kab lus dhau los ntawm kab lus. Peb muaj:

P(2, 3, -1), Q(1, 1, 1)=>PQ¯=(-1, -2, 2);

u¯=(-2, 1, 3).

Tom qab ntawd peb tau:

|u¯|=√14cm;

d=|[PQ¯u¯]|/|u¯|=√(90/14)=2.535 cm.

Nco ntsoov tias tsis yog cov ntsiab lus P thiab Q, kiag li txhua cov ntsiab lus uas yog cov kab no tuaj yeem siv los daws qhov teeb meem. Hauv qhov no, peb yuav tau txais qhov kev ncua deb d.

Setting a dav hlau hauv geometry

Dav hlau, taw tes thiab qhov qub
Dav hlau, taw tes thiab qhov qub

Cov lus nug ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab tau tham saum toj no kom meej. Tam sim no cia peb qhia yuav ua li cas nrhiav qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov dav hlau sib npaug.

Txhua tus sawv cev lub dav hlau yog dab tsi. Raws li kev ua lej txhais, cov ntsiab lus geometric uas tau teev tseg yog sau los ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Ntxiv mus, yog tias koj sau tag nrho cov vectors tau siv cov ntsiab lus no, ces tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yuav yog perpendicular rau ib leeg vector. Qhov kawg feem ntau hu ua qhov qub rau lub dav hlau.

Txhawm rau qhia qhov sib npaug ntawm lub dav hlau hauv qhov chaw peb sab, feem ntau siv daim ntawv sib npaug. Nws zoo li no:

Ax + By + Cz + D=0.

Qhov twg cov tsiaj ntawv Latin yog qee tus lej. Nws yog qhov yooj yim los siv qhov sib npaug dav hlau zoo li no vim tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov vector ib txwm tau qhia meej meej hauv nws. Lawv yog A, B, C.

Nws yooj yim pom tias ob lub dav hlau sib luag tsuas yog thaum lawv qhov qub yog sib npaug.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj nrhiav tau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob lub dav hlau sib luag ?

Parallel dav hlau
Parallel dav hlau

txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb, koj yuav tsum nkag siab meej tias qhov twg yog qhov cuam tshuam. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov dav hlau uas sib npaug rau ib leeg yog to taub raws li qhov ntev ntawm ntu perpendicular rau lawv. Qhov kawg ntawm ntu no yog cov dav hlau.

Lub algorithm rau kev daws cov teeb meem no yooj yim. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus uas yog ib qho ntawm ob lub dav hlau. Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum siv cov qauv no:

d=|Ax0+ By0+Cz0+ D|/√(A2 + B2 + C2).

Vim qhov kev ncua deb yog tus nqi zoo, lub cim qauv yog nyob rau hauv tus lej. Cov qauv sau ntawv yog universal, txij li nws tso cai rau koj los laij qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub dav hlau mus rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus geometric. Nws yog txaus kom paub lub coordinates ntawm ib tug taw tes ntawm lub caij no.

Rau qhov ua tiav, peb nco ntsoov tias yog tias qhov qub ntawm ob lub dav hlau tsis sib luag, ces cov dav hlau yuav sib tshuam. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv yuav yog xoom.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txiav txim qhov kev ncua deb ntawm dav hlau

Parallel thiab sib tshuam dav hlau
Parallel thiab sib tshuam dav hlau

Nws paub tias ob lub dav hlau tau muab los ntawm cov lus hauv qab no:

y/5 + x/(-3) + z/1=1;

-x + 3/5y + 3z – 2=0.

Yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj tias cov dav hlau sib npaug, thiab txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv.

Txhawm rau teb thawj feem ntawm qhov teeb meem, koj yuav tsum nqa thawj qhov sib npaug mus rau ib daim ntawv dav dav. Nco ntsoov tias nws tau muab rau hauv daim ntawv hu ua qhov sib npaug hauv ntu. Muab nws sab laug thiab sab xis los ntawm 15 thiab txav tag nrho cov ntsiab lus mus rau ib sab ntawm kab zauv, peb tau txais:

-5x + 3y + 15z – 15=0.

Cia sau tawm cov haujlwm ntawm ob lub voj voog ib txwm ntawm lub dav hlau:

1¯=(-5, 3, 15);

2¯=(-1, 3/5, 3).

Yuav pom tau tias yog n2¯ yog muab 5, ces peb yuav tau txais cov kev tswj hwm n1¯. Yog li, cov dav hlau suav tias yogsib npaug.

txhawm rau xam qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov dav hlau sib npaug, xaiv qhov chaw tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm thawj ntawm lawv thiab siv cov qauv saum toj no. Piv txwv li, cia peb coj lub ntsiab lus (0, 0, 1) uas belongs rau thawj lub dav hlau. Tom qab ntawd peb tau txais:

d=|Ax0+ By0+ Cz0 + D|/√(A2 + B2 + C2)=

=1/(√(1 + 9/25 + 9))=0.31 cm.

Kev ncua deb yog 31 hli.

Kev ncua deb ntawm dav hlau thiab kab

Parallel dav hlau thiab kab
Parallel dav hlau thiab kab

Qhov kev paub theoretical muab los kuj tso cai rau peb los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txoj kab ncaj nraim thiab lub dav hlau. Nws twb tau hais saum toj no tias cov qauv siv tau rau kev suav ntawm cov dav hlau yog universal. Nws kuj siv tau los daws qhov teeb meem. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, tsuas yog xaiv cov ntsiab lus uas yog nyob rau kab uas tau muab.

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov ntsiab lus geometric yog cov pov thawj ntawm lawv qhov sib luag (yog tias tsis yog, ces d=0). Parallelism yog ib qho yooj yim los ua pov thawj yog tias koj xam cov khoom scalar ntawm qhov qub thiab cov kev taw qhia vector rau kab. Yog hais tias cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev xav yog parallel, ces cov khoom no yuav muab sib npaug zos rau xoom.

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