Belarus yog lub tebchaws nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Yav dhau los, nws yog ib feem ntawm USSR, thiab nyob rau hauv 1991 tau tso tseg. Tam sim no nws muaj ntau lub npe - Belarus lossis Belarus. Thiab lub npe nom tswv tau khaws cia rau 25 xyoo - lub koom pheej ntawm Belarus. Keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws no nplua nuj heev. Nws, zoo li Ukraine, nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Poles, Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, lub Principality ntawm Lithuania.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Thaum pib xyoo 2016, cov pejxeem ntawm Belarus muaj txog li 9.5 lab tus tib neeg. Cov ntsuas no tau hloov lub xeev mus rau 93rd qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb qeb duas ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv. Thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws occupies 207 txhiab square meters. m. Qhov no yog qhov chaw 84 hauv ntiaj teb. Lub xeev unitary muaj ib daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv - ib tug thawj tswj hwm koom pheej. Ua ntej peb paub tias lub xeev hom lus yog dab tsi hauv Belarus, peb yuav tsum tig mus rau keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws, nws cov kab lig kev cai thiab cov pej xeem.
Npe
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe ntawm lub xeev yog los ntawm XIII caug xyoo. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg European hu ua thaj chaw ntawm Veliky Novgorod Dawb Russia. Qhov chaw uas lub xeev niaj hnub nyob tam sim no tau hu uaPolotchina. Nws pib hu ua Dawb Russia tsuas yog tom qab xyoo pua 16th. Tom qab ntawd, thaj av sab hnub tuaj ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania kuj raug hu ua tib yam. Thiab cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam no, raws li, tau los ua Belarusians.
Tsuas yog thaum xyoo pua 19th, thaum Belarus los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, cov neeg hauv zos tau hloov npe hu ua Belarusians.
Rus
Nws paub tias lub xyoo pua 9 yog ntaus nqi los ntawm kev tsim lub xeev raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Rurikovich. Txoj kev lag luam nto moo "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw niaj hnub ntawm Belarus. Lub xeev qub Lavxias teb sab tau ntev tau tiv nrog ob lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv zos thiab kev tawm tsam sab nraud. Nyob rau hauv 988, ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tshwm sim - kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia. Ib me ntsis tom qab, lub dioceses tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Polotsk thiab Turov.
In the XII century. Cov xwm txheej tshwm sim uas tau coj mus rau qhov tawg thiab tawg ntawm tag nrho lub xeev mus rau hauv cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Russia. Lub Mongol ntxeem tau tom qab ntawd tsoo tag nrho cov neeg ntawm Russia, tab sis thaj chaw tau piav qhia tsuas yog cuam tshuam me ntsis. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov lus twg yog lub xeev cov lus hauv Belarus, vim tsis muaj lub zog nrog lub npe ntawd.
Lithuanian thiab Polish influence
Tom qab cov xwm txheej nom tswv, thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev niaj hnub tau nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm XIII caug xyoo. Twb yog xyoo XIV. lub xeev yog ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau haiv neeg lees txim.
Tom qab muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Lub Tebchaws. Txoj caiCatholicism kuj tuaj rau tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm lub qub Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lithuania. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov pej xeem ntawm niaj hnub Belarus yog Orthodox. Tom qab tsim lub Koom Txoos Uniate, muaj ntau tus neeg tsis txaus siab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv. Tab sis twb thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ntau tus tau los ua Uniates, thiab cov neeg uas nyob hauv cov chav kawm siab dhau los ua Catholics.
Russian supremacy
Raws li txoj cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thaj chaw ntawm Belarus pib tshwm sim. Lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm tsoomfwv Belarusian, uas suav nrog lub xeev Vitebsk thiab Mogilev.
Hnub nyuaj hu rau cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av no muaj hmoo. Kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev ua qhev tau qhia thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av sab hnub poob ntawm lub xeev niaj hnub no tau nkag mus rau hauv kev ntxhov siab nrog kev tawm tsam Polish. Tom qab ntawd pib ua tiav Russification ntawm tag nrho thaj chaw. Txoj cai ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania raug muab tso tseg, lub Koom Txoos Uniate koom nrog Orthodox. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1866, lub xeev tam sim no lus ntawm Belarus, Belarusian, raug tshem tawm. Lub teb chaws Ottoman tau ua cov kev hloov pauv tsis yog rau kev ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv nkaus xwb. Tsoom fwv sim kom yeej kev coj noj coj ua zoo dua qub.
Tom qab ntawd tsis muaj ib yam li Belarus. Lub taub hau, lub xeev cov lus, tag nrho cov ntxiv, tsis tau tsim. Tab sis ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau pib txhawb lawv cov lus ib txwm muaj, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Russification txoj cai. Ntawm lawv sawv tawm Janka Luchina thiab Frantisek Bogushevich. Cov xwm txheej ntawm Polish uprising ntawm 1863 ua rau lub fact tias Belarusian tus kheej-consciousness pib loj hlob ntawm cov neeg.
Dramatic hloov pauv
Thaum lub sijhawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau tso tseg thiab tau hloov los ntawm Kev Cia Siabtsoom fwv, thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Belarus tsis hloov. Thaum lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, cov kev hloov pauv tau pib.
Hauv xyoo 1917, Thawj Pawg Neeg Belarusian tau tshwm sim. Los ntawm 1918, lub koom pheej Belarusian tau tsim. Tom qab kev ywj pheej, Poland txiav txim siab thov nws txoj cai rau lub xeev. Qhov no yog li cas lub Soviet-Polish pem hauv ntej sawv.
Tsis paub meej
Raws li koj paub, 1919 pib nrog cov tsos ntawm Soviet Socialist koom pheej ntawm Belarus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia. Minsk tau los ua nws lub nroog loj. Tab sis ib hlis tom qab, cov av tshiab minted tawm ntawm RSFSR. Tam sim no nws yog Belarusian Socialist Soviet koom pheej.
Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis kav ntev ib yam. Ib zaug ntxiv, ib hlis tom qab, cov koom pheej tau raug tshem tawm, thiab ib feem ntawm cov xeev mus rau RSFSR, thiab ib feem tau los ua Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Litbel tsis nyob ntev - thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1919 nws tau nyob los ntawm Poles.
Tom qab ntawd, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm USSR, thaj chaw muaj npe hu ua Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Thiab txij li xyoo 1922, nws tau nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm USSR, txawm tias tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov quab yuam.
sijhawm ua ntej tsov rog
Txawm hais tias, raws li kev pom zoo, qee lub xeev tsis tau ntxiv rau thaj tsam ntawm Belarus, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nce ntau zaus. Lub teb chaws suav rau ib nrab ntawm cov niaj hnub cheeb tsam ntawm lub xeev. Ntau tshaj 70% yog Belarusians. Cov pejxeem mus txog 4 lab tus tib neeg.
Yog li ntawd, kev tshaj tawm ntawm Belarusianization tsis yog qhov yuam kev. Ntxiv nrog rau kab lis kev cai, lawv kuj mob siab rau qhov tseeb tiasLub xeev cov lus ntawm Belarus yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias nws nyuaj rau kev ua tiav txoj kev npaj, txij li thaj chaw tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm lub xeev, thiab qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev hais lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv. Txog thaum nruab nrab-30s, muaj ntau hom lus hauv tebchaws: ntxiv rau Belarusian, Lavxias, Polish thiab Yiddish. Cov tom kawg tau nrov ntawm cov neeg Yudais mus txog rau xyoo 1999. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hais los ntawm kwv yees li 7% ntawm cov pejxeem.
Cov lus hais nto moo "Proletarians ntawm txhua lub tebchaws, koom ua ke!" Nws tau sau ua plaub yam lus, tab sis, ntxiv rau, kuj tseem muaj thaj av Polish hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws.
Tib lub sijhawm, kev hloov kho lus tau tshwm sim uas tshem tawm Tarashkevitsa, vim tias lub xeev cov lus ntawm Belarus tau hloov kho thiab zoo ib yam li Lavxias. Ntau tshaj 30 lub suab thiab cov yam ntxwv morphological tau ntxiv rau hauv orthography.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo pib tsis zoo. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tau dhau los ua ntau zaus me me, cov pej xeem tseem tsis paub ntawv. Muaj txog 200 tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Orthodox tau dhau los ua Catholic. Kev kub ntxhov tau yuam ntau txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv tebchaws mus rau Tebchaws Europe thiab Asmeskas.
Ua
Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov koom pheej tau koom nrog kev kho dua tshiab, zoo li lwm thaj av ntawm USSR. Tsuas yog tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Union, nws tau txais lub title ntawm parliamentary. Cov neeg nyob hauv pib hu lawv lub teb chaws tshiab minted Belarus. Lub peev, lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev, lub xeev cov lus txuas ntxiv mus zoo. Stanislav Shushkevich yog thawj zaug los tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv, tab sis tsuas yog txog xyoo 1994.
Thaum ntawd yog lub tebchaws txoj cai lij choj tsim, thiab kev xaiv tsa thawj tswj hwm tau tuav. Alexander Lukashenko tau los ua thawj zaug thiab tam sim no tsuas yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Belarus. Daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv tau dhau los ua parliamentary-presidential. Xyoo 1995, Lavxias teb sab lus ntawm Belarus tau txais lub xeev xwm txheej.
Alexander Lukashenko yeej qhov kev xaiv tsa hauv 2001, ua raws li xyoo 2006. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 2010, nws tau rov xaiv dua zaum thib plaub. Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si EU thiab Asmeskas nrog OSCE taw qhia tsis paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xaiv tsa txij li xyoo 2001. Thaum Alexander Lukashenko los ua tus thawj tswj hwm dua xyoo 2015, EU tau tshem tawm cov kev nplua rau cov koom pheej. Lub sijhawm dhau los, ntau dua 83% ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws tau pov npav rau nws.
Languages
Raws li tau hais dhau los, tam sim no lub xeev cov lus ntawm Belarus yog Belarusian thiab Lavxias. Tab sis ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem tuaj yeem sib txuas lus hauv Polish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua siab ntev tau pom nyob hauv lub tebchaws.
Hauv kev xyaum, feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem tseem hais lus Lavxias. Ntau tus neeg nyob hauv lub nroog thiab cov nroog loj tau hnov qab Belarusian kiag li. Cov hluas tsis tshua paub nws. Hauv cov nroog me koj tuaj yeem nrhiav trasyanka (surzhik hauv Ukraine). Qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm Lavxias thiab Belarusian tsis ua raws li cov qauv ntawm ib hom lus muaj npe. Nws tshwm sim tias qee tus thawj coj tuaj yeem hais lus Trasyanka. Ntshiab Belarusian tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv cov zos me me, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Qee zaum nwssiv intelligentsia thiab patriots.
kab lis kev cai
haiv neeg, lus thiab kab lig kev cai ntawm Belarus muaj ntau haiv neeg. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem ntsib cov neeg uas hais lus Polish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian thiab txawm tias Hebrew. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, lawv yuav tsum kawm cov lus Lavxias. Cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic yog siv los sau.
Tam sim no ntau dua 80% ntawm Belarusians, 8% ntawm Russians, 3% ntawm Poles, 1% ntawm Ukrainians nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Belarus. Kuj tseem muaj cov neeg Lithuanians, Armenians, cov neeg Yudais, Gypsies, Georgians, Suav, Arabs, Chuvashs, thiab lwm yam. Cov pejxeem ntawm lub tebchaws tau zoo li keeb kwm. Cov neeg hauv paus txawm yeej ib txwm nyob hauv cov zos loj. Muaj cov neeg Yudais nyob rau hauv lub nroog, muaj ntau Poles nyob rau sab qaum teb, thiab Russians nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Ib feem ntawm thaj chaw yav qab teb tau nyob los ntawm Ukrainians. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ntau tshaj 80% ntawm cov pej xeem yog Belarusians, muaj ntau haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj peev xwm pom nyob rau hauv lub zos.
Feem ntau ntawm cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub xeev no zoo ib yam li Ukrainian lossis Lavxias. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias yuav luag tag nrho cov hnub caiv thiab rituals yog raws li cov ntseeg kev lis kev cai. Qhov txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub npe. Piv txwv li, lub npe nrov Trinity ntawm no yog hu ua Semukha, Ivan Kupala - Kupalle, Peter's Day - Pyatro.
Tseem muaj cov hnub tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv cov zos ntawm Belarus, Ukraine lossis Russia: Radonitsa, Nyem ntawm Caij Nplooj Hlav, Gromnitsy lossis Dedy. Crafts kuj suav hais tias yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws: weaving, woodworking, pottery, straw weaving.
Nyob teb chaws nyab laj tebBelarus. Lub xeev hom lus - Belarusian - hmoov tsis, yog maj mam tso tseg, txawm hais tias nws tag nrho ploj mus tsis zoo li tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg coob coob hauv cov zos thiab cov zos tseem siv nws hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Lawv tseem yuav qhia lawv cov me nyuam thiab xeeb ntxwv lawv hom lus.
