Muaj ntau yam txheej txheem hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog cov txheej txheem geological. Cov no yog cov kev txav ntawm cov phaj lithospheric, cov txheej txheem hauv roob, thiab lwm yam. Peb lub ntiaj teb tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej. Cov kws tshaj lij tau txheeb xyuas ntau lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntawm tectogenesis - cov txheej txheem tectonic, ib qho ntawm Caledonian folding.
txhais thiab sijhawm
Lub npe tau muab los ntawm European kws tshawb fawb Bertrand nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab los ntawm Latin lub npe qub rau Scotland - Caledonia, txij li nws nyob ntawd nws tau pom. Caledonian folding yog qhov nyuaj ntawm tectonic tshwm sim hauv Paleozoic (510-410 lab xyoo dhau los).
Cov yam ntxwv txav ntawm lithosphere nyob rau lub sijhawm xav tau yog: nquag folding, orogeny thiab granitization. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov toj roob hauv pes - Caledonides.
Thawj theem ntawm Caledonian folding pib nyob nruab nrab ntawm Cambrian. Cov theem hauv nruab nrab suav nrog ntau lub sijhawm geological: los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Ordovician mus rau nruab nrab ntawm Devonian.
yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm lub sijhawm
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Cambrian huab cua yog sultry;hauv zos icing kuj tau pom. Kev txhaum tau tshwm sim yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Sedimentary thiab marine txheej predominated. Muaj kev khiav tawm ntawm hiav txwv los ntawm qee qhov chaw (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab platform), qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub roob ntawm Caledonian folding (Sayans, Appalachians, thiab lwm yam). Lub fauna tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob me me (tsawg dua 1 cm).
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Ordovician, huab cua sov sov, tropical; qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no tau cim los ntawm glaciation. Tau muaj qhov nce siab hauv hiav txwv hauv txhua qhov chaw tshwj tsis yog Gondwana. Ntawm cov pob zeb yog cov carbonate thiab marine sediments, volcanic pob zeb. Muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Lub ntiaj teb organic tau nthuav dav heev: tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov tsiaj nyob tau tripled. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sij hawm, glaciation tshwm sim, uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb no extinction ntawm ntau yam kab mob nyob.
Lub Sijhawm Silurian tau pom los ntawm huab cua sov, uas tom qab ntawd dhau los ua dej tsis muaj dej thiab sultry. Thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub sij hawm no, lub melting ntawm glaciers ua rau muaj kev txhaum loj. Lub Silurus xaus nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm hiav txwv. Av nplaum txheej minerals, carbonate marine deposits thiab pob zeb ntawm volcanic keeb kwm predominated. Lub sijhawm Devonian thaum ntxov tau tshwm sim los ntawm aridity. Cov teb chaws tau them nrog lub roob ntawm Caledonian folding, faib los ntawm kev nyuaj siab. Nyob rau hauv Lower Devonian, kev nyab xeeb tau dhau los ua cua sov. Cov pob zeb tau cim los ntawm cov liab loj heevsandstones, gypsum, ntsev, organogenic carbonate pob zeb. Lub Devonian yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev txheeb ze geological stability. Lub ntiaj teb organic tau enriched nrog tshiab genera thiab hom: thawj amphibians, spore nroj tsuag. Nquag hydrogen sulfide muaj kuab paug ntawm cov dej hauv lub cev ua rau kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm marine biota.
Regions thiab roob systems
Lub roob twg hauv Caledonian folding tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov lus qhia? Cov no yog cov Andes, Western Sayan, Mongolian Altai, lub roob Ural. Ntawm lwm yam, lawv suav nrog thaj tsam roob ntawm Eastern Australia, Greenland, Newfoundland thiab Northern Appalachians.
Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Caledonian folding nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam European yog sawv cev los ntawm Caledonides ntawm Great Britain, qee qhov ntawm Scandinavia. Ntawm thaj chaw Esxias, Caledonides hauv qab no yog qhov txawv: Kazakh, Suav, Sayan thiab Altai. Cov cheeb tsam thaj av nrog roob toj siab yog nyob hauv thaj av Chukotka, hauv Alaska, hauv Andes.
Ntse
Folded roob systems yog muaj nyob rau hauv kev kawm tsis tiav. Cov txheej txheem nyuaj tshaj plaws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Scottish, Scandinavian thiab Greenlandic Caledonides.
Ib yam ntawm thaj chaw loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb, tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Caledonides, yog kev ua haujlwm siab. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev ploj tuag ntawm kev txav mus los thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av, cov cheeb tsam no tau raug geological stimulation hauv Lower Paleozoic.
Cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Caledonides yog cov pob zeb tsis sib xws, nrog rauKev sib sau ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg loj heev.
yam ntxwv minerals
Qhov chaw ntawm ores ntawm Fe, Ti, Au, Mo yog sib cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm Caledonian folding.
Asbestos, talc, magnesite thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, chromium, platinum, npib tsib xee thiab ib txwm tooj liab kuj tseem raug. Hydrosilicate deposits ntawm hlau ores, hydrothermal deposits ntawm kub, pegmatites thiab quartz leeg nrog wolframite thiab molybdenite paub.
Cov zaub mov tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm Cambrian yog: roj - Russia (Irkutsk), Sahara, B altic; pob zeb ntsev - Siberia, Is Nrias teb. Phosphorites tau concentrated nyob rau hauv Central Asia, Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyab Laj; asbestos - nyob rau hauv Tuva; bauxite - nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Sayan.
Ordovician nplua nuj roj - USA; roj shale - lub B altics; hlau ore - Western Sayan, Canada. tooj liab thiab cob alt muaj nyob rau hauv Norway.
