Antarctic thiab Arctic suab puam: av, av yam ntxwv thiab nta

Cov txheej txheem:

Antarctic thiab Arctic suab puam: av, av yam ntxwv thiab nta
Antarctic thiab Arctic suab puam: av, av yam ntxwv thiab nta
Anonim

Cov suab puam ntawm Arctic yog thaj chaw loj uas npog nrog cov dej khov thiab cov daus, qhov twg cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua loj hlob. Thaj chaw no yog qhov txaus siab rau kev paub thiab kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, tus nyeem yuav tau paub txog hom thiab cov khoom ntawm cov av ntawm Arctic suab puam.

yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw ntuj

Cov suab puam Arctic muaj ntau nyob hauv Greenland thiab Canadian Arctic Archipelago, thiab nyob rau feem ntau ntawm lawv. Thaj chaw ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov suab puam txias tsis txwv rau qhov no. Lawv tuav lub Arctic Dej hiav txwv, ntawm cov Islands tuaj, stretch raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Eurasia thiab Antarctica. Cov suab puam Arctic nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Asia thiab Amelikas, lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Arctic phiab.

arctic suab puam av
arctic suab puam av

Huab cua ntawm no yog txias, lub caij ntuj no hnyav thiab ntev. Lub caij ntuj sov yog luv thiab txias. Kev faib tawm raws caij nyoog yog qhov xwm txheej - lub caij ntuj no cuam tshuam nrog lub caij ntuj sov hmo ntuj, thiab lub caij ntuj sov yog txuam nrog hnub. Lub Arctic suab puam cheeb tsam yog thaj av uas nyob mus ib txhis glaciers thiab snows. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov lawv ua tiavkom tshem tau cov daus npog me me ntawm thaj av. Yog tias koj nug: "Dab tsi yog cov av nyob rau hauv Arctic suab puam?", lo lus teb yog yooj yim - lawv yog undeveloped thiab yuav ua tau ob qho tib si swampy thiab rocky. Tsuas yog mosses nrog lichens tuaj yeem loj hlob ntawm lawv. Nroj tsuag nrog paj tsis tshua muaj heev.

Arctic suab puam hom

Natural zones from the ncej to the equator hloov ib leeg, ntsig txog, hom av kuj txawv. Kab lus no tsom mus rau Arctic suab puam, cov av uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov huab cua hnyav hnyav nrog qhov kub thiab txias hauv lub caij ntuj no.

arctic suab puam hom av hom
arctic suab puam hom av hom

Cov suab puam Arctic tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo. Av hom, feem, tsis txawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Hom av loj hauv cheeb tsam no yog arctic. Lawv muab faib ua subtypes: suab puam-arctic thiab raug arctic. Yuav muaj zog npaum li cas cov av profile yuav nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm thaw hauv ib lub caij. Cov av tsis zoo muab faib ua horizons. Yog tias cov xwm txheej rau kev tsim cov av tau zoo dua, tom qab ntawd cov nroj tsuag peat qab ntug tau qhia zoo, txawm hais tias lub qab ntug humus yog qhov phem dua.

Arctic suab puam av

Lawv nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm thaj tsam Arctic, thiab cov cheeb tsam theem yog tsim los ntawm cov xuab zeb loam thiab cov pob zeb tawg. Arctic suab puam, uas nws cov av tsis nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov as-ham, muaj sparse zaub. Moss, lichens thiab ib qho paj ntoo loj hlob ntawm cov av no. Cov cheeb tsam loj yog them nrog mounds ntawm pob zeb. suab puam ntomuab faib ua polygons los ntawm cov kab nrib pleb loj, txog nees nkaum meters dav. Cov av profile yog nyias (txog 40 centimeters), muaj cov nram qab no horizons:

  • Humus txheej. Nws muaj xim daj-xim av. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm humus yog ib mus rau ob feem pua, lub teeb loamy, nws cov qauv yog tsis yooj yim granular.
  • Txoj kev hloov pauv. Lub zog yog nees nkaum rau plaub caug centimeters. Cov xim ntawm lub qab ntug yog xim av, daj-xim av los yog pom. Sandy loamy, fragile, finely cloddy. Nws yog kev hla ciam teb defrost.
  • Lub qab ntug kawg yog lub pob zeb khov uas tsim cov av, nws yog xuab zeb loamy, gravel, txheej tuab, feem ntau yog xim av xim av.
Dab tsi yog cov av hauv cov suab puam arctic
Dab tsi yog cov av hauv cov suab puam arctic

Muaj ntau qhov chaw qis, dej nyab thoob plaws ib cheeb tsam. Qhov no yog vim cov dej ntws ntws ntawm cov dej khov thiab cov snowfields. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub mosses koj yuav nrhiav tau marsh xau. Ntawm no cov horizons txawv me ntsis. Tsis muaj gleying.

Cov av ntawm Arctic

Cov suab puam arctic sawv cev tsis yog los ntawm thaj chaw qis xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm toj siab siab. Av hom ntawm no tsis muaj ntau haiv neeg. Cov av suab puam ntawm Arctic cheeb tsam coexist nrog cov av raug. Qhov chaw ntawm lawv tsim yog siab toj siab, watershed heights, hiav txwv terraces. Cov av zoo yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm thaj chaw hauv qab npog ntawm cov nroj tsuag moss. Frost tawg thiab ziab kab nrib pleb muaj nyob ntawm no. Cov av muaj nyias profile: 40-50 centimeters, thiab muaj cov nram qab no horizons:

Dab tsi yog characterizedav nyob rau hauv arctic suab puam
Dab tsi yog characterizedav nyob rau hauv arctic suab puam
  • Moss-lichen txheej txog li peb centimeters tuab.
  • Humus txheej xim av-xim av, loamy. Cov qauv yog tsis yooj yim, granular-lumpy. Tus cwj pwm los ntawm porosity, muaj cov kab nrib pleb, kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws rau txheej tom ntej.
  • Kev hloov pauv lub qab ntug ntom ntom nrog cov kab nrib pleb, loamy, cov qauv sib txawv, nrog cov pob sib txawv, feem ntau xim av.
  • Txheej kawg yog av-forming, khov pob zeb, lub teeb xim av. Cov pob zeb feem ntau pom.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov av ib txwm

Tus nqi ntawm humus nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cov av no ntau dua, txog yim feem pua. Tab sis nws qhov ntau txo nrog qhov tob. Kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov av ntawm Arctic suab puam, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm humus yog fulvic acids. Feem ntau ntawm no yog fulvates, calcium humates. Silty hais muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho me me. Cov av ib txwm muaj cov hlau txawb.

Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov av hauv Arctic suab puam?

Nyob ntawm cov pob zeb uas tsim cov av, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib puag ncig yog me ntsis acidic lossis alkaline me ntsis. Qee zaum cov av muaj carbonate thiab dej-soluble ntsev. Cov suab puam Arctic muaj qhov hnyav, huab cua tsis zoo. Cov av yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj gleying, cuam tshuam nrog nag lossis daus tsis txaus, thiab cov txheej txheem permafrost: fissuring, khov, thiab av yaig. Vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev huab cua, lub weathering crust yog tsim, uas sawv cevib tug roughly detrital, weakly leached qauv. Tag nrho cov no pab txhawb rau kev tsim ntawm fissure polygons thiab pob zeb toj.

Av thaj chaw ntawm arctic suab puam
Av thaj chaw ntawm arctic suab puam

Kev tsim cov av npog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag uas loj hlob xaiv. Nws nyob ntawm tej yam kev mob ntawm lub nyem, noo noo, xwm ntawm pob zeb. Ib qho me me-kawm thaj chaw ntuj yog Arctic suab puam. Cov av yog qhov txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog nyob rau nws tias muaj cov nroj tsuag uas tsiaj noj rau. Cov av no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom polygonality: lawv vertically tawg los ntawm cov kab nrib pleb tsim los ntawm huab cua hnyav.

Arctic suab puam ntawm Russia

thaj chaw ntuj no nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws latitude ntawm lub Arctic. Los ntawm sab qab teb nws ciam teb rau ntawm Wrangel Islands, los ntawm sab qaum teb - ntawm Franz Josef Land. Nws suav nrog cov Islands tuaj, Peninsulas thiab hiav txwv Arctic.

Av ntawm Arctic suab puam nyob rau hauv Russia
Av ntawm Arctic suab puam nyob rau hauv Russia

Thaj chaw no muaj huab cua hnyav heev, cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov chaw siab, qhov kub thiab txias thiab cuam tshuam los ntawm daus thiab dej khov. Lub caij ntuj sov yog txias thiab luv luv. Lub caij ntuj no ntev, nrog cua txias, cua daj cua dub thiab pos huab. Ntau tshaj li yim caum tsib feem pua ntawm thaj chaw yog npog los ntawm cov dej khov.

Cov av ntawm Arctic suab puam hauv Russia tsis tau tsim kho. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pob zeb thiab glaciers nyob mus ib txhis. Cov av ntau tshaj plaws yog arcto-tundra av. Cov av profile tsis txawv lojlub zog thiab nyob ntawm qhov thawing ntawm cov av thickness. Lub qab ntug qaum teb muaj peat.

Arctic thiab Antarctica

Cov cheeb tsam no nyob thaj chaw loj heev. Lub Arctic yog nyob rau sab qaum teb polar cheeb tsam, thiab Antarctic (continent ntawm Antarctica) yog nyob rau sab qab teb. Lawv muaj ntau yam sib xws: frosts hnyav, glaciers nyob mus ib txhis, alternating polar hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Tab sis kuj muaj qhov sib txawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Arctic yog nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv, thiab Antarctica yog nyob rau hauv av loj. Lawv muaj ib tug txawv feature: nyob mus ib txhis glaciers thiab daus dag yuav luag txhua xyoo puag ncig yog lub Arctic thiab Antarctic suab puam.

Arctic thiab Antarctic suab puam av
Arctic thiab Antarctic suab puam av

Cov av ntawm cov cheeb tsam no nyias, txheej humus tsis zoo hauv humus. Cov av ntawm Antarctic, txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg heev, tseem tau txais cov organic teeb meem. Lawv coj los ntawm cov noog thiab cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj uas pub rau cov kab mob marine. Cov nroj tsuag tawg yog sawv cev los ntawm lichens, mosses, algae thiab cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua muaj paj.

Cov av ntawm cov suab puam ntawm Arctic yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov ntsev hauv nws. Qhov saum npoo feem ntau qhia efflorescence. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, ntsev tsiv teb tsaws tshwm sim, yog li kev tsim cov pas dej me me tsis tshua muaj nyob ntawm no.

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