Library of Ivan the Terrible - dab neeg thiab kev muaj tiag. Keeb kwm ntawm creation thiab hypotheses txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv

Cov txheej txheem:

Library of Ivan the Terrible - dab neeg thiab kev muaj tiag. Keeb kwm ntawm creation thiab hypotheses txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv
Library of Ivan the Terrible - dab neeg thiab kev muaj tiag. Keeb kwm ntawm creation thiab hypotheses txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv
Anonim

Nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1472, kev txhawb siab tau kav hauv Moscow - tus nkauj nyab huab tais Sophia Paleolog tuaj txog hauv lub nroog. Ob peb hnub tom qab ntawd, hauv Assumption Cathedral, nws tau sib yuav rau Ivan III, uas tau ua poj ntsuam tsib xyoos dhau los. Sophia tsis tuaj yeem mus rau Moscow. Ntawm nws cov khoom plig, nws lub rooj loj loj suav nrog cov phau ntawv uas yog tus huab tais Byzantine kawg, Constantine XI. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias nws yog cov ntawv sau no uas tau ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible, cov lus zais uas tseem tsis tau daws.

Khoom muaj nqis ntawm Basileus

Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias Thomas Palaiologos, qhov chaw ntawm Byzantine xeev Morea, tau tswj hwm kom txuag lub tsev qiv ntawv huab tais thaum lub sij hawm Turkish siege ntawm Constantinople. Tau khiav mus rau Ltalis, nws tau coj ib phau ntawm folios mus rau Vatican, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm tus txiv plig. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias los ntawm lub sijhawm no keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai pib, vim hais tias tus ntxhais ntawm lub deposed despot yog Sophia heev uas. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau sib yuav Ivan III.

Sofia Paleolog
Sofia Paleolog

Lo lus Latin liber, uas txhais tau tias "phau ntawv", tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe muab rau cov ntawv sau ntawm no - liberia. Cov huab tais ntawm Byzantium rau ntau centuries tau sau tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient thiab medieval sau ntawv, yog li ntawd lawv lub tsev qiv ntawv, raws li cov kws txawj, muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj, tus nqi yog zoo txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, tsis hais peb lub sij hawm..

pob zeb qhov taub

Yog li, keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible tau pib ntau tshaj tsib caug xyoo dhau los hauv Vatican, los ntawm qhov chaw uas tus ntxhais huab tais Byzantine Sophia mus rau Russia nyob deb. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, los ntawm kev yug me nyuam nws tau txais ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv sau zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Nrog qhov tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem hais meej tias cov folios tau coj los ntawm Sophia Palaiologos. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus dab neeg hais tias ntawm lawv yog cov haujlwm ntawm alchemists, cov kws sau ntawv thaum ub, cov phau ntawv uas ib zaug tau koom nrog cov vajntxwv ntawm Vajntxwv Loos, thiab lwm yam.

Txhawm rau khaws lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv lub nroog ntoo, qhov chaw hluav taws kub feem ntau tshwm sim, Grand Duchess tau txib ib tus kws kos duab Italian los tsim lub qhov taub pob zeb hauv qab Kremlin. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Sophia, Liberia tau txais los ntawm nws tus tub Vasily III, thiab tom qab ntawd rau nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Ivan IV. Tsuas yog Grand Dukes thiab cov tub qhe uas ntseeg siab tshaj plaws paub yuav ua li cas thiaj nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom muaj nqis.

Regal Phau Ntawv Lover

Ivan IV tau paub txog nws qhov kev ua txhaum, yog li ntawd, tau tuav lub zwm txwv, nws tau hais kom rov xyuas txhua phau ntawv uas nws tau txais qub txeeg qub teg txhawm rau kho cov uas puas lawm. Tsuas yogTsis tas li ntawd, ib phau catalog tau muab tso ua ke, uas suav nrog cov tuaj tshiab. Paub txog tus huab tais txoj kev hlub rau kev nyeem ntawv, ambassadors thiab tub lag luam coj nws folios los ntawm txawv teb chaws khoom plig, thiab tom qab lub conquest ntawm lub Astrakhan thiab Kazan khanates, ntau phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Arabic raug xa mus rau Moscow. Yog li, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible tau tas li rov ntxiv.

Muaj lus xaiv hais tias tsar tus pog yog ib tug sorceress, nws liam tias lom nws tus tub Ivan III los ntawm nws thawj kev sib yuav kom nws thawj tus yug Vasily yuav tau txais lub zwm txwv ntawm grand duke. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu rau lub tsev qiv ntawv Byzantine, Liberia, lub hauv paus ntawm Sophia kev paub txog kev ua khawv koob.

Lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai myths xwb thiab kev muaj tiag
Lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai myths xwb thiab kev muaj tiag

Nyob rau thawj xyoo ntawm nws txoj kev kav, Ivan the Terrible tau siv sijhawm ntev los kawm cov phau ntawv qub txeeg qub teg los ntawm nws pog, delving rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub dawb ceev. Nws tau nyob nrog kev tshawb nrhiav lub pob zeb philosopher thiab txoj hauv kev los daws qhov kev xav ntawm nws cov kev kawm.

Cov lus zais ntawm huab tais phau ntawv tso nyiaj

Tus txaus ntshai muaj nuj nqis rau nws Liberia heev, hauv thawj xyoo ntawm nws txoj kev kav nws tau siv sijhawm nyeem ntawv ntau, tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj qee qhov tsis meej pem tau los rau tus huab tais, uas tsis tau piav qhia los ntawm nws cov neeg tiam lossis los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. niaj hnub. Cov ntshav ntws thoob plaws lub tebchaws: kev sib tw tawm tsam Novgorod, Livonian Tsov Rog, oprichnina, tsar lub davhlau mus rau Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, hloov lub peev mus rau Vologda, kev tua ntawm nag hmo cov koom haum, orgies tig mus rau hauv kev tua neeg.

Raws li cov lus dab neeg, tsis ntev ua ntej nws tuag, Ivan IV tau hais kom nkaum Liberia kom tsis muaj leej twg siv tau. Lub tsev qiv ntawv tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw zais zais tob tob.

Tseeb ntseeg tias, yog ib tug neeg txawj nyeem ntawv zoo, yog vaj ntxwvTsis tsuas yog paub txog tus nqi ntawm cov tomes thaum ub, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev paub imprinted rau ntawm lawv cov nplooj ntawv: heretical ntawv, magic spells, Christian apocrypha, thiab lwm yam. ib tug spell nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv: leej twg mus nws yuav plam lawv qhov muag.

Raws li lwm yam, qhov kev sau ntawv tau raug pov rau hauv cov phau ntawv uas muaj kev paub zais thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Qhov no muaj tseeb npaum li cas, tsis muaj leej twg paub, vim tsis muaj pov thawj tias leej twg pom cov ntawv khaws cia tom qab lawv muab faus.

Tus Tsar tuag tam sim ntawd thaum ua si chess, thiab txij li lub sijhawm ntawd muaj huab ntawm kev paub tsis meej tau npog lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible. Cov lus xaiv tau nthuav tawm sai sai tias Liberia ploj tom qab nws tuag.

Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem

Fyodor Ioannovich, uas tau txais lub zwm txwv, muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo. Tom qab nws kav tsuas yog 14 xyoo, nws tuag. Yog hais tias peb pib los ntawm lub version uas Liberia ntawm Grozny txawm li cas los ploj lawm, ces qhov no yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Fyodor Ioannovich. Tus tub puas tuaj yeem muaj tes hauv qhov poob ntawm nws txiv lub tsev qiv ntawv? Lo lus nug no tseem tsis tau teb. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias qhov no tshwm sim, piv txwv li, Tsar Fedor txiav txim siab zais Liberia kom ruaj ntseg dua, faib nws qhov chaw, lossis tshem tawm tag nrho cov phau ntawv ntawm khawv koob, hlawv nws zoo li cov ntaub ntawv heretical. Txawm li cas los xij, Boris Godunov, uas tau tsa huab tais tom qab nws, tsis tau txais lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Zoo li Tsar Ivan IV qhov txaus ntshai, Godunov yog tus nyeem phau ntawv thiab tus neeg kawm ntawv siab. Lawm, nws ua tsis tau tab sis paub thiab tsistxaus siab rau Liberia. Yog hais tias lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj nyob rau lub sij hawm nws kav luv luv, Godunov yeej yuav cawm tau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev kav, lawv tsis pom ib qho kev hais txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Grozny's tomes.

Liberia Ivan lub txaus ntshai
Liberia Ivan lub txaus ntshai

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem, Cov Ncej uas tau ntes Moscow tau txaus siab rau Liberia. Muaj pov thawj tias ua ke nrog Marina Mnishek thiab False Dmitry thawj zaug, ib tug txiv neej tuaj rau hauv lub nroog los ntawm Poland, uas tab tom nrhiav rau lub tsev qiv ntawv huab tais ntawm Ivan the Terrible.

Nws tseem paub tias ntau lub tsheb thauj neeg sai sai tau xa los ntawm Moscow. Tej zaum, ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam zoo, muaj cov phau ntawv los ntawm Liberia. Nws tsis paub, txawm li cas los xij, seb lub laub mus txog Poland lossis tsis. Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias tau ntes lawv tsis deb ntawm Moscow. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug version uas, tej zaum, Tushino yog qhov chaw uas koj yuav tsum nrhiav rau lub legendary tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai.

Myths and reality

Liberia tau tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua rau ntau pua xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus kws tshawb fawb tau nyiam ntseeg hauv nws lub neej. Lub sijhawm sib txawv, ntau yam versions tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej txog nws qhov ua tau nyob qhov twg. Qhov kev sib cav tseem yog cua sov. Qee tus paub tseeb tias nws tab tom yuav raug pom nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm Kremlin qhov chaw nkaum, thaum lwm tus ntseeg tias tsis muaj dab tsi los nrhiav, txij li Liberia tau tawg ntev lawm.

Qhov tseeb yog qhov no: txog hnub no, nws tau raug tsim los ua kom tiav tias hauv ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia muaj 78 phau ntawv uas yogib zaug Ivan IV. Muaj kev qhia ncaj qha tias lawv tau pub dawb los ntawm huab tais rau cov monasteries lossis cov neeg ntiag tug. Skeptics ntseeg tias cov tomes yav dhau los yog ib feem ntawm Liberia, yog li ntawd, tsis muaj dab tsi paub tsis meej. Lawv qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb yog qhov no: yog lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj, nws yuav tsis tau ua tib zoo muab zais, ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, cov cim ntawm nws yuav raug tshawb pom ntev dhau los.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Liberia muaj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, lawv hais txog cov khoom muag ntawm nws cov cuab yeej muab tso ua ke tom qab kev tuag ntawm Tsar Ivan IV. Nws kuj hais txog cov phau ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lub neej ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv yog inclined ntseeg tias thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, raug liam tias raug tsim txom rau kev ua phem txhaum cai, vajntxwv txiav txim rau cov ntawv sau ua khawv koob kom muab zais thiab ua phab ntsa. Lawv mus nrhiav tau ntev lawm.

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov dab neeg nws tus kheej tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Nws yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm Maxim lub Greek, ib tug hauj sam thiab kws tshawb fawb uas tau txhais cov phau ntawv los ntawm cov phau ntawv loj ducal. Hauv qee cov ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau sau tias tus huab tais Ivan Vasilyevich muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv loj ntawm Byzantine cov ntawv sau, uas nws pog coj. Txawm hais tias cov lus no, ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias cov phau ntawv no tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob, thiab cov lus piav qhia tau muab tso ua ke thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm Christopher von Dabelov yog cuav.

Yog li, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem hais tau tseeb tias lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible yeej muaj, txawm tias phau ntawv loj loj no tau muaj tiag.

ob puas xyoo nrhiav

Txawm li cas los xij, Liberia yog ib qho nrov tshaj plawscov khoom tshawb nrhiav, nws tau tshawb nrhiav rau tsib centuries. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Ivan tus txaus ntshai, tag nrho cov neeg pib mus rau hauv lub zais cia ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tuag thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem, tab sis cov lus xaiv hais txog nws txuas ntxiv mus tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Peter lub Great thiab Napoleon tau tshawb nrhiav tsis paub Liberia thaum lawv nyob hauv Moscow.

Tau kawg, qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua nrog kev so ntev thiab feem ntau hauv Kremlin. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1724 Osipov Konon, sexton ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Moscow, xa ib daim ntawv mus rau tus npis sov. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws tau thov tias muaj ib qho chaw nkaum hauv qab Kremlin nrog ob chav uas muaj lub hauv siab. Cov chav lawv tus kheej raug liam tias nyob tom qab lub qhov rooj hlau kaw nrog cov hlau lead.

Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhia los ntawm sacristan, excavations tau ua nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm Liberia ntawm Ivan IV tus txaus ntshai, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Yog li ntawd, rau qee lub sijhawm, kev txaus siab rau nws tau txo qis, kom txog rau thaum nws rov tshwm sim dua nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Lub sijhawm no, Tub Vaj Ntxwv N. S. Shcherbatov, tus thawj coj ntawm Armory, tau ua qhov laj thawj, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, uas lub sijhawm ntawd yog tus tswv xeev ntawm Moscow.

Royal Library ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai
Royal Library ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai

Tshawb nrhiav tau ua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm plaub lub Kremlin yees: Vodovzvodnaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya thiab Borovitskaya. Lawv kav rau lub hlis, tab sis raug ncua vim kev tuag ntawm Tsar Alexander III. Tom qab ntawd, Nicholas II kuj tau tso cai los tshawb xyuas lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv Kremlin thiab hauv Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. Yog li ntawd, ntau phau ntawv medieval tau pom, zoo li Liberia tab tom nrhiav pom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xwm txheej tom ntej hauv lub tebchaws thiab hauv ntiaj teb (World War Itsov rog, Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj kiv puag ncig, Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig ntawm Bolsheviks) ncua kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau ntau xyoo lawm.

Tsoomfwv tshiab nco txog lub tsev qiv ntawv thaum nws xav tau nyiaj txiag hnyav thiab rau lub hom phiaj no nws tau muag cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev rhuav tshem huab tais txawv teb chaws. Nws ntseeg tau tias tsis yog cov phau ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom muaj nqis yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Liberia. Nrog kev tso cai ntawm Stalin, nyob rau hauv lub 20s thiab 30s, kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin, uas yog coj los ntawm Ignatius Stelletsky. Nws raug suav hais tias yog thawj tus neeg tshawb nrhiav Lavxias ntawm lub qhov tsua thiab cov khoom hauv av.

Stelletsky txawm tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig tau txais kev tso cai rau kev khawb, tau ua rau tus tswv nroog Moscow ntawm kev muaj nyob hauv av labyrinths hauv qab Tainitskaya ntauwd ntawm Kremlin. Nws xav tias nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no uas cov khoom muaj nqis thiab cov phau ntawv ntawm Liberia tuaj yeem muab zais. Txawm li cas los xij, lub caver tsis tuaj yeem mus txog qhov ntawd, vim tias xyoo 1914 kev tsov rog tau tshwm sim, thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau thim qhov kev tso cai tawm rau nws ua ntej.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Kremlin commandant lub chaw ua hauj lwm, Stelletsky tseem tswj xyuas ib feem ntawm lub underground gallery, uas tau hais los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv nrhiav ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws txiav txim siab mus khawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm nruab nrab Arsenal pej thuam nyob rau hauv Alexander Garden, qhov chaw uas muaj ib tug grotto nrog ib tug colonnade.

Hypotheses txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv
Hypotheses txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv

Nyob rau xyoo 15-16, tus dej Neglinnaya ntws ze ntawm tus pej thuam. Lub pej thuam nws tus kheej tau hu ua lub sijhawm ntawd Granena, nws tau hloov npe tsuas yog tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm Kremlin Arsenal lub tsev. Thaum lub sij hawm excavations, underground floors nrog lub qhov dej, passages thiab ntaiv tau pom ntawm no. Txawm li cas losTsawg dua Liberia yeej tsis pom. Tsis ntev Stelletsky tau mob hnyav, vim li no qhov kev khawb tau raug tso tseg.

Ib qho kev txaus siab tshiab hauv kev tshawb nrhiav lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible tshwm sim hauv 1962 tom qab ob peb tshooj los ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm Ignatius Stelletsky tau luam tawm hauv Nedelya magazine. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm ua rau muaj dej nyab ntawm cov neeg nyeem, vim tias qhov tshwj xeeb Public Commission tau tsim los tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis paub txog Liberia, tus thawj coj los ntawm Academician Mikhail Tikhomirov, tus paub txog keeb kwm Soviet.

Nws yuav tsum kawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, tshawb xyuas qhov chaw nyob ntawm Kremlin, pib archaeological excavations. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau ob qho laj thawj: thawj tus kws tshaj lij Tikhomirov tuag hauv xyoo 1965, thiab tom qab ntawd Khrushchev raug tshem tawm. Kev coj noj coj ua tshiab ntawm tog tsis kam lees Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Pej Xeem los txuas ntxiv kev tshawb fawb ntawm Kremlin.

kev sim tsis ntev los no

Lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1997, Apalos Ivanov tau teem sijhawm nrog tus kav nroog Moscow. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, nws yog tus saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg rau Kremlin. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau koom nrog kev tshuaj xyuas kev sib txuas lus hauv av. Ivanov hais tias ib zaug nws pom nws tus kheej hauv ib lub labyrinth qub, uas, raws li nws qhov kev xav, tau khawb hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Nws tau hla cov kab hauv av los ntawm Volkhonka mus rau Kremlin thiab tuaj hla cov pob txha tawg uas raug kaw rau ntawm phab ntsa, nrog rau cov qhov rooj hlau sib cais cov chav hauv qhov taub.

Ivanov nco qab li cas, thaum nws tseem yog menyuam yaus, nws hnov cov dab neeg hais txog lub tsev qiv ntawv uas tsis muaj nqi ntawm Ivan the Terrible, muab zais rau hauv Kremlin qhov chaw so. Pom lub qhov rooj hlau, nws txiav txim siab tias lub vault nyob tom qab lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm ntawd nwstsis muaj txhais tau tias qhib lawv. Thaum, tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Apalos rov qab los rau hauv av labyrinth, nws pom tias qhov nkag tau thaiv nrog cov cib tshiab.

Yuri Luzhkov tau hais kom tsim ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb los tshawb nrhiav lub tsev qiv ntawv huab tais. Lub caij nyoog ntawm kev nrhiav ib qho khoom muaj nqis thaum ub zoo li ntxias dhau. Txawm li cas los xij, Liberia "dhau mus" ib zaug ntxiv, thiab tsis muaj qhov xav tau.

Skeptics pom qhov no tseem yog lwm qhov pov thawj uas Grozny lub tsev qiv ntawv tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis yog lus dab neeg. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm nws lub neej hais txog cov lus dab neeg uas piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas tus huab tais tuag hu rau ib tug neeg ntseeg siab thiab hais kom nws nkaum Liberia tom qab nws tuag, txwv tsis pub leej twg yuav nrhiav tau lub tsev qiv ntawv raws nraim yim centuries. Txog hnub tim, tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm lub sijhawm kawg tau dhau mus.

Liberia suav nrog dab tsi?

Muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv. Piv txwv li, los ntawm cov khoom lag luam hais txog Dabelov, ua ob puas xyoo dhau los, nws ua raws li nws muaj ntau ntau, yog tias tsis yog ntau pua, ntawm cov ntawv Loos thiab lwm cov neeg sau ntawv thaum ub: Julius Caesar, Tacitus, Aristophanes, Virgil, Ethan, Cicero, Bafmas Tsis tas li ntawd, Liberia suav nrog cov npe nrov ntawm Constantine Porphyrogenitus, biography ntawm Byzantine emperors, tab sis phau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauj lwm "Nyob rau hauv Vajtswv lub nroog", sau los ntawm cov ntseeg philosopher Augustine lub Blessed.

Cov phau ntawv legendary sau ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, txawm tias thaum lub neej ntawm tsar, ob peb tus neeg pom, thiab cov neeg uas tau ua nws tau xav tsis thoob ntawm nws cov khoom kim heev. Cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv kub khi, tsis paub tej hauj lwm ntawm Greeks thiab Loos, dawb ceev papyriAncient tim lyiv teb chaws, thiab lwm yam. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, niaj hnub no tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem tshaj $ 1 billion.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Ivan the Terrible lub tsev qiv ntawv, cov lus dab neeg thiab kev muaj tiag muaj kev sib cuam tshuam uas qee zaum cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab qhov tseeb keeb kwm xaus thiab kev xav pib.

Piv txwv li, hauv 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tomes tsis paub txog cov kws tshaj lij tau pib pom hauv lub nroog cov tsev qiv ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau hnub rov qab mus rau 15th thiab 16th centuries, uas yog, lub reign ntawm Ivan thib peb thiab nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Tsar Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Interestingly, tsis muaj leej twg paub qhov twg artifacts tuaj. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj lus xaiv tias thaum kawg nrhiav tau lub tsev qiv ntawv mysterious. Qhov no tau piav qhia raws li hauv qab no: thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub nroog subway, tunnellers stumbled raws li ib tug zais crypt nrog folios, nteg lwm qhov. Tab sis lawv raug liam txwv tsis pub tham txog qhov nrhiav.

Puas muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible tau pom?
Puas muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible tau pom?

Txawm li cas los xij, rov qab rau xyoo 30s, tus kws tshawb fawb Leningrad Zarubin tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog cov khoom sau tiag tiag ntawm cov vaj ntxwv tomes. Nws muaj cov npe ntawm cov phau ntawv uas muaj nyob hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible, lossis theej, yog. Daim ntawv teev npe tau muab tso ua ke raws li cov khoom muaj sia nyob ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj muaj koob muaj npe thiab suav nrog ntau lub kaum ob phau ntawv, ntawm lawv tsis yog tsuas yog cov haujlwm theological xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov kws kho mob (kho kho).

Ib tug ntawm lawv tau pom tsis ntev dhau los hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Kharkov University, qhov chaw nws tau xaus rau xyoo 1914. Phau ntawv kho mob yog thawj txhais ntawm German encyclopedia. Nws raug txib los ntawm kuv txiv. Ivan IV, Grand Duke Vasily III, astrologer thiab tsev hais plaub tus kws kho mob Nikolai Nemchin thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntawv luam ntawm German engravings.

Tab sis tom qab ntawd dab tsi txog cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub papyri thiab cov ntawv sau thaum ub, cov neeg tim khawv ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los ua tim khawv rau? Tej zaum lawv yuav mus nrhiav lawv, yam tsawg kawg kom txog rau thaum tag nrho ntau lub qhov taub ntawm Moscow Kremlin tau tshawb pom.

Nkauj tawm tshiab rau hnub tim

Muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog qhov chaw nyob ntawm Ivan the Terrible's Liberia. Raws li lub ntsiab lus xav, cov ntawv sau tau muab zais rau hauv Kremlin qhov taub. Raws li lwm tus - nyob rau hauv lub Alexander Sloboda, qhov twg Grozny siv sij hawm ntau heev, los yog nyob rau hauv Vologda, qhov twg tsar tsiv lub peev ntawm lub xeev rau ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm. Lub tsev qiv ntawv kuj tau tshawb nrhiav hauv lub zos Kolomenskoye.

Raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda yog qhov chaw uas lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible nyob. Lub tsar tsiv ntawm no nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, nkaum los ntawm boyar intrigues. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 70s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, loj-scale excavations tau ua nyob rau hauv Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm nto moo Soviet historian Academician Rybakov. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsev nyob nruab nrab tau pom thiab kawm, tab sis tsis muaj ib qho chaw ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv tau pom.

Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda
Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda

Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm Liberia, cov kws tshaj lij tshawb nrhiav yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm kev sib hais haum. Tsis ntev los no, txawm tias txoj kev uas tus huab tais tau supposedly taug kev tau scanned. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau ua tiav.

Tsuas yog lub peev lub fortress tseem tsis tau tshawb nrhiav -Kremlin. Ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Sophia Palaiologos, nws yog ntoo, pob zeb vaj tse tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau qhov chaw hauv av thiab zais zais zais tau tshwm sim hauv qab lub fortress.

The Last Riddle of Grozny

Vim li cas tsis muaj leej twg tswj nqa daim ntaub thaiv kev zais zais uas npog keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv huab tais? Raws li cov keeb kwm medieval, nyob rau hauv nws lub xyoo poob, Ivan IV hu ua Magi rau Moscow. Cov neeg nyiam tshawb nrhiav Liberian piav qhia qhov tseeb no raws li hauv qab no: tus huab tais tau ua qhov no tsis yog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau paub nws lub neej yav tom ntej, tab sis txhawm rau txhawm rau zais cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, suav nrog lub tsev qiv ntawv legendary. Txij thaum ntawd los, txhua qhov zoo li qhov tseeb ntawm Liberia, uas lawv tau sim nrhiav nws tau ntau pua xyoo, ib txwm tig tawm los ua phantoms xwb.

Txawm hais tias Ivan the Terrible lub tsev qiv ntawv yuav pom, lub sijhawm yuav qhia. Lub sijhawm no, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm nws qhov muaj nyob, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov chaw muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv mus.

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