Tam phaj ntawv yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv cov ntawv tsim nyog, uas yog, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau ntawv yog los ua kom pom ib theem ntawm kev tsim nyog ntawm tus kws tshaj lij yav tom ntej. Qhov no yog ib qho haujlwm ntawm ib hom ntawv. Nws yuav tsum tau sau raws li qee cov cai hais txog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tsim. Kab lus no tau mob siab rau yuav ua li cas daim ntawv teev lus kom cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau nws cov ntsiab lus thiab tsim tau raws li.
xov xwm tshiab
Cov tub ntxhais kawm niaj hnub ua ntau qhov yuam kev loj hauv txoj hauv kev yuav ua li cas sau ntawv kom raug. Piv txwv li: hloov daim ntawv lo nrog ib qho kev paub daws teeb. Qee cov tub ntxhais kawm paub tseeb tias qhov no yog qhov qub, tsuas yog cov kev kawm tsuas yog me ntsis loj dua hauv ntim. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov kws qhia txog yuav ua li cas sau ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis raug pom lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm thiab muab los xyuas.muab tso ua ke ntawm lwm tus neeg cov ntawv, uas yog, kev paub daws teeb meem. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm?
Cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm txog lub ncauj lus. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau zoo npaum li cas, kev nthuav qhia ntawm nws yog theem nrab. Abstracting yog ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsim nyog, nws tsis tuaj yeem txwv rau qhov no xwb.
Daim ntawv teev lus yog kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm siv cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb thiab hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm. Qhov ntawd yog, nws yog ib qho kev ywj pheej scientific ua haujlwm, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm uas yog qhov tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab rau txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm txawv. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej ua daim ntawv teev lus, nws yog qhov zoo dua los nug cov qauv ntawm nws qhov kev siv ntawm koj lub chaw haujlwm. Lawv yuav pab koj nkag siab txog hom, nkag siab txog qhov tshwj xeeb, teeb tsa tus qauv tsim. Hauv qab no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm nplooj ntawv tsim.
Yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb thiab ua raws li txheej txheem
Yog koj nug koj tus kheej yuav ua li cas sau ntawv kom raug, ces nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias qhov yuam kev thib ob ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yog qhov hloov ntawm kev tsim nyog rau kev sau ntawv, kev xav lossis kev xeem txuas ntxiv. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm daim ntawv thiab cov hom no? Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tsis hais txog lub luag hauj lwm scientific rau qhov tau hais. Cov lus xaus yuav tsis raug lees paub, tsis yog raws li kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb.
Yog li, qhov kev paub daws teeb meem txawv ntawm daim ntawv lo lus los ntawm qhov tsis tuajmuaj tswv yim, tshawb fawb ib feem, sau ntawv - qhov tsis muaj ib qho abstract.
Xaiv lub ncauj lus rau cov ntawv sau lus
Thaum teb cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas sau ntawv, nco ntsoov hais txog kev xaiv lub ntsiab lus. Nws yuav tsum raug xaiv raws li lub ntsiab lus tshawb fawb. Txij li cov ntawv lo lus tsis yog daim ntawv kawm tiav (nws tsis yog sau nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los ntawm kev kawm), qib kev paub, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tseem tsis tau siab heev, yog li koj yuav tsum xaiv lub ntsiab lus nqaim uas cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb. uas tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau kawm tiav lossis muaj peev xwm ua tau tiav yog siv tau.
Kho lub ncauj lus, nrog rau nws cov qauv, tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li kev ua haujlwm nce ntxiv, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev kawm (nrog rau qhov koj yuav kawm raws nraim thiab los ntawm lub kaum sab xis) yuav tsum txiav txim siab ua ntej pib ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ncauj lus yog nqe lus ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab dab tsi (cov cuab yeej dab tsi, hom twg) koj yuav siv los tshawb fawb.
Tshawb nrhiav thiab cov khoom muag khoom
Kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tshawb fawb thiab lawv cov qauv tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum teb cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas daim ntawv teev lus (piv txwv: khaws cov ntaub ntawv nruj ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm kev cai lij choj, sau cov ntaub ntawv txee, siv cov ntaub ntawv, lwm yam). Qhov no ntawm qhov tsim ntawm chav kawm ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem tso tseg "rau yav tom ntej". Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muab khaws cia kom huv tam sim ntawd.
tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb
Txij li cov ntawv lo lus muaj ob lub ntsiab lus loj - kev tshawb fawb thiab paub daws teeb, cesthiab nws yuav tsum tau ua ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob qho kev qhia: kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm scientific ntaub ntawv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cov cheeb tsam no yuav tsum yog lawv cov synthesis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev ua thawj coj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua kom suav sau thiab ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia.
Tus kws sau ntawv yuav tsum paub zoo tias cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb rau nws txoj haujlwm tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: cov cuab yeej theoretical thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau kev kawm tib yam lossis cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws uas yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau muab faib ua cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb (monographs) thiab cov khoom ntiag tug. Thaum xaiv cov khoom siv, nws yuav tsum tsim kom zoo tam sim ntawd. Koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas yuav ua li cas ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntawv sau (piv txwv ntawm kev sau npe uas cuam tshuam rau koj lub tsev kawm ntawv, koj yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv chav haujlwm) ua ntej kom koj tsis txhob rov ua koj txoj haujlwm tom qab.
Nyeem cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, sau cov tswv yim thiab nqe lus
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv lo lus yog tias txhua lub tswv yim qiv lossis nqe lus yuav tsum tau hais kom tsim nyog thiab muab qhov txuas rau tsab ntawv nrog tus lej nplooj ntawv. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tshawb fawb feem ntau sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv daim ntawv bookmarks hauv browser, cov ntaub ntawv PDF, thiab lwm yam ua ntej ua daim ntawv lo lus hauv Lo Lus. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum pib sau npe tam sim, tsis tas tos kom khaws cov ntaub ntawv.
Thaum paub cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, koj yuav tsum tam sim tsim lub hauv paus kom raugframed quotes. Ua ntej ua daim ntawv lo lus raws li tus qauv, koj tuaj yeem ib txwm muaj qee cov ntawv sau los yog tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov lus qhia thiab cov lus ntawm lawv. Qhov no yooj yim heev rau kev ua haujlwm nrog lawv thiab rau theem kawg - sau cov ntawv kawg. Ua kom cov quotes yooj yim siv tom qab (ntxig rau hauv ib daim ntawv kawm), muab txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv quotes, thiab tom ntej no ua ib tug txuas raws li nws yuav tsum tau (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv square brackets qhia tus sau lub xeem lub xeem thiab nplooj ntawv naj npawb). Peb muab ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas npaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv.
Thaum nyeem ntawv, koj yuav tsum tau hloov kho tam sim ntawd cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb rau koj txoj haujlwm ntawm koj tus kheej cov lus thiab tsim lawv kom tsim nyog (muab qhov txuas uas qhia txog tsab ntawv thiab nplooj ntawv tus lej). Koj yuav tau txais ib hom kev nyeem phau ntawv teev npe, koj yuav tsis nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv, uas yuav sau ntau heev thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo. Ib feem loj ntawm txoj haujlwm yuav ua tiav.
khaws cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb
Lwm qhov yuam kev ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm kev kawm txuj ci ua haujlwm yog tias cov tub ntxhais kawm kwv yees qhov ntim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kwv yees lawv lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv cov ntim no. Txawm tias tus kws paub txog kev paub txog yuav tsum tsis tu ncua sau nws cov tswv yim, kho cov lus uas tuaj thaum lub sij hawm sau ntawv. Yog li ntawd, thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv, txhua lub tswv yim thiab kev xav yuav tsum tau sau cia.
Kev sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev xav los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Thaum cov ntaub ntawv - phau ntawv teev npe thiab heuristic yuav sau, lawv yuav tsum pibsystematize thiab sau ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau nthuav dav, ua ke nrog ib leeg mus rau hauv seem, blocks. Nyob rau theem no, lub tswv yim ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau yug los. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau teev tseg (nws tuaj yeem nqaim lossis nthuav dav kom tuaj yeem nyiam cov khoom nthuav tawm tshiab).
Term paper plan
Tom qab cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, nws tsim nyog sau cov phiaj xwm tshawb fawb kom ntxaws. Ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus (cov npe ntawm tshooj thiab kab lus) yuav tsum sib haum rau cov logic thiab semantic accents ntawm cov ntawv kawm. Xav txog cov kev xav thiab cov tswv yim uas koj tuaj yeem coj mus rau lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab, thiab dab tsi yuav yog kev tshawb fawb pom (cov no tuaj yeem hais hauv qhov xaus, thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb).
Thaum kos ib txoj kev npaj, nws yog qhov zoo pib los ntawm kev sau cov tswv yim tseem ceeb uas koj xav qhia hauv cov ntawv ntawm txoj haujlwm. Lawv tuaj yeem sau ua ntej hauv qhov kev txiav txim uas lawv tuaj yeem xav. Tom qab ntawd nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia txog lawv lub ntsiab thiab theem nrab. Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum xav txog yuav ua li cas lawv txuas nrog.
Ib tug yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov zoo tshaj yog tus yeeb ncuab ntawm qhov zoo. Feem ntau txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau paub ntau tshaj plaws tsis qhia lawv cov tswv yim hauv txhua qhov tob. Koj yuav tsum tau sau txog qhov koj nkag siab zoo, uas cuam tshuam rau koj qhov kev tsim nyog. Cov tswv yim uas koj nkag siab nyob rau theem ntawm kev nkag siab yuav tsum tawm ntawm chav kawm.
Ua haujlwm nrog ntawv
Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg tsis tu ncua hauv xyoo kawm ntawv thiab sim ua kom lawv ua haujlwm, ces sau cov ntawv sau kom raug ntawm daim ntawv lo lus yuav tsis ntauua haujlwm, txij li cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua tiav lawm. Quotations twb tau teem thiab systematized, nws yog txaus tsuas yog los qhia meej lawv cov ntsiab lus qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, sau lus rau lawv, xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm Internet chaw nyob. Cov tswv yim tseem ceeb twb tau tsim lawm. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau qhia meej rau lawv, sau kom ntxaws ntxiv, ntxiv qee cov ntaub ntawv, cov duab kos, cov lus pom.
Tsim kev taw qhia rau lo lus ntawv
Cov lus qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb feem ntau yog sau raws li cov canons nruj. Nov yog daim npav lag luam ntawm koj daim ntawv teev npe. Kev taw qhia yuav tsum qhia meej thiab meej meej qhia txog yam uas tau tshawb fawb, los ntawm qhov kev xav, lub tsev kawm tshawb fawb dab tsi uas tus kws tshawb fawb tso siab rau, cov kab lig kev cai twg nws ua raws, cov txheej txheem twg thiab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem twg nws siv, cov tswv yim dab tsi hauv kev tshawb fawb yog txiav txim siab rau nws, dab tsi yog qhov Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb uas nws ntsib, teeb tsa nws tus kheej seb nws yuav daws tau li cas thiaj li ua tiav lub hom phiaj no. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem siv tau li cas, txawm tias lawv muaj kev cia siab li cas.
Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab txhua chav haujlwm muaj nws tus kheej cov kev cai ntawm kev tsim cov lus qhia. Qhov chaw no yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev kawm, nruj me ntsis raws li cov ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum tau: cov khoom thiab kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, lub hauv paus ntawm scientific, novelty, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yuav tsum tau sau ib qho kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug freer daim ntawv, tab sis rau tham txog txhua yam no kom ntxaws ntxiv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas daim ntawv teev lus thiab kos ib qho kev taw qhia yuav tsum tau muab los ntawm tus thawj saib xyuas lossis tus pab cuam hauv chav haujlwm.
Ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntawv
Yuav luag yeej tsis muaj ib cov ntawv scientific sau tam sim ntawm thawj mus rau lo lus kawg. Qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum tus kws tshawb fawb tau "nurturing" monograph rau ntau xyoo, nyob qhov kev tshawb fawb no, thiab txhua yam uas tseem tshuav rau nws yog los tsim nws txoj kev xav. Txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev ua hauj lwm yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv blocks. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom sau cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm zoo li no. Tsom ntsoov rau qhov chaw uas koj twb tau npaj ua haujlwm nrog. Logical kev hloov, kev taw qhia, txuas cov lus tau sau tom qab. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau sau tseg lawm, nws yooj yim dua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus qhia txog ntu, kev hloov pauv, kev txiav txim siab thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Yuav ua li cas ua cov lus taw qhia hauv daim ntawv: piv txwv
Cov lus hauv qab hauv cov ntawv sau tau kos ib yam li hauv lwm qhov kev tshawb fawb. Tsim los ntawm cov lus taw qhia hauv qab ntawm nplooj ntawv yog suav tias tsis siv lawm, koj yuav tsum xa mus rau cov khoom hauv cov ntawv teev npe uas qhia tus sau lub xeem, xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm (tsuas yog muaj ntau yam haujlwm ntawm tus sau hauv daim ntawv teev npe) thiab nplooj ntawv. tus lej (nplooj) sib cais los ntawm txoj hnyuv. Hauv txhua txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, tom qab nyeem cov qauv, koj tuaj yeem kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv nqe lus. Piv txwv li: “…(quote)…” (Lotman, 2003: 245). Cov brackets tuaj yeem yog square lossis round - qhov no yuav tsum tau kuaj nrog tus saib xyuas.
Tsim cov ntawv sau cia thiab daim ntawv thov
Qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov ntawv teev npe los ntawm ntau tus neeg yuam kev yog hais txog qhov kev xaiv, qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv teev cia yog qhov qhia txog qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm, thiab nws cov qauv tsim yog qhov qhia txog qib ntawm tus sau lub peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv ib hom kev tshawb fawb thiab ua raws.kab lig kev cai thiab cov qauv. Txoj kev hais txog kev ua haujlwm hauv chav kawm rau daim ntawv teev npe no kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas koj txoj haujlwm thiab koj yog tus kws tshaj lij.
References - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog yuav ua li cas sau ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsim kom raug ntawm cov npe fragment:
- Kruglyakova T. A. Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ontolinguistic hauv Russia // Cov teeb meem ntawm ontolinguistics - 2018. Kev ua tiav ntawm lub rooj sib tham txhua xyoo thoob ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb. Lub Peb Hlis 20–23, 2018, St. Ivanovo, 2018. - P. 3-11.
- Tseitlin S. N. Essays on word formation and form formation in Children's speech. M., 2009.
Ib qho yuam kev loj tshaj plaws hauv kev sau cov ntawv sau cia yog qhov suav nrog cov haujlwm uas tus kws tshawb fawb tsis xa mus rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Txhua tus neeg txheeb xyuas tuaj yeem "scan" cov ntawv sai sai rau nws ua raws li cov npe uas tau nthuav tawm. Yog tias tus lej ntawm cov khoom hauv cov npe tau ntau dhau lawm, qhov no yog lub cim qhia tias tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau paub cov ntawv sau tsis txaus.
Qhov yuam kev thib ob, dhau ntawm thawj qhov ntawm "seditiousness", yog qhov suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm tsis tau nyeem los ntawm tus sau cov ntawv lo lus. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm daim ntawv teev npe, vim nws txaus rau ib tus kws tshaj lij los nug ib lo lus nug kom paub seb tus tub kawm paub li cas nrog cov ntaub ntawv qhia hauv daim ntawv.
Yuav ua li cas txuas rau cov haujlwm
Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv yog cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntxhuav, cov duab kos, cov duab kos uas tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tus neeg txheeb xyuas, suav nrog ib qho tag nrho nrog cov haujlwm hauv chav kawm. Lawv yuav tsum yogtsuas yog lub ncauj lus xav tau. Ntxiv rau, lawv yuav tsum tsim nyog. Nws yog qhov xav tau tias lawv lub xub ntiag yuav muaj kev txhawb siab thiab tawm tswv yim rau hauv kev taw qhia. Tau kawg, lawv qhov ntim tsis suav nrog thaum suav cov nplooj ntawv ua haujlwm.
Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv tau muab tso rau tom kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv qab nqe lus "Tshwj xeeb Tsis yog …". Ib subheading (lub npe) yog qhov xav tau tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum tau. Cov ntawv thov yuav tsum raug suav rau hauv cov ntsiab lus.
Tus sau cov ntawv lo lus tsis tas yuav tsum muaj qhov tob ntawm kev xav thiab ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov ntawv nyeem yog qhov qhia tias tus menyuam kawm ntawv muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm li cas, khaws cov ntawv kom raug thiab paub cov khoom, thiab npaj nws. Tam sim no cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas txawm tias yuav ua li cas cov ntawv sau ua tiav hauv Lo Lus, uas yog, seb tus tub kawm puas paub txaus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob "ua los ntawm cua daj cua dub" ua haujlwm tsim nyog txhua xyoo. Yog tias koj ua qhov no me ntsis, tab sis tsis tu ncua, koj txoj haujlwm yuav tsis tsuas yog ua tau zoo, tab sis kuj yuav ua rau muaj kev txaus siab.
