Kev txhim kho keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj qus tshwm sim raws li qee txoj cai thiab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm tus kheej. Cov kev vam meej ntawm biology nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog ib tug prerequisite rau creation ntawm ib tug tshiab science - evolutionary biology. Nws tam sim ntawd tau nrov. Thiab nws tau ua pov thawj tias evolution nyob rau hauv biology yog ib tug txiav txim siab thiab irreversible txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tib neeg hom thiab lawv tag nrho cov zej zog - pej xeem. Nws tshwm sim hauv biosphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cuam tshuam tag nrho nws cov plhaub. Kab lus no yuav mob siab rau ob qho tib si kawm txog hom hom phiaj thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm evolution.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev hloov pauv kev xav
Kev tshawb fawb tau dhau los ntawm txoj kev nyuaj ntawm kev tsim cov tswv yim thoob ntiaj teb txog cov txheej txheem hauv qab ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Nws pib nrog lub tswv yim ntawm creationism qhia los ntawm C. Linnaeus, J. Cuvier, C. Lyell. Thawj evolutionary hypothesis tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws tshawb fawb Lamarck hauv nws txoj haujlwm"Philosophy ntawm Zoology". Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Charles Darwin yog thawj zaug hauv kev tshawb fawb los qhia tias evolution hauv biology yog txheej txheem raws li keeb kwm kev hloov pauv thiab kev xaiv ntuj. Nws lub hauv paus yog kev tawm tsam rau lub neej.
Darwin ntseeg tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua hauv cov tsiaj txhu yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv qhov kev hloov pauv mus tas li ntawm ib puag ncig. Kev tawm tsam rau kev muaj sia nyob, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev nrog cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig. Thiab nws yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv kev ntshaw ntawm cov tsiaj txhu kom nce lawv cov lej thiab nthuav lawv qhov chaw nyob. Txhua yam saum toj no thiab suav nrog evolution. Biology, uas qib 9 kev kawm hauv chav kawm, suav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thiab kev xaiv ntuj nyob rau hauv ntu "Evolutionary Teaching".
Synthetic hypothesis ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb organic
Txawm thaum lub neej ntawm Charles Darwin, nws lub tswv yim raug thuam los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo xws li F. Jenkin thiab G. Spencer. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ceev ceev genetic kev tshawb fawb thiab postulation ntawm Mendel txoj cai ntawm heredity, nws tau los ua ib tug hluavtaws hypothesis ntawm evolution. Hauv lawv cov haujlwm, nws tau piav qhia los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo xws li S. Chetverikov, D. Haldane thiab S. Ride. Lawv sib cav hais tias evolution nyob rau hauv biology yog ib tug tshwm sim ntawm biological kev vam meej, uas muaj daim ntawv ntawm aromorphoses, idioadaptations cuam tshuam rau pej xeem ntawm ntau hom.
Raws li qhov kev xav no, evolutionarycov yam tseem ceeb yog lub neej nthwv dej, genetic drift thiab cais tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm xwm yog manifested nyob rau hauv xws li cov txheej txheem xws li speciation, microevolution thiab macroevolution. Cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li cov lus qhia txog kev paub txog kev hloov pauv, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv. Raws li cov tswv yim hais txog cov pej xeem raws li cov qauv tsim ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib hom kab mob lom.
Ib puag ncig evolutionary yog dab tsi?
lo lus no yog to taub raws li qib biogeocenotic ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Cov txheej txheem microevolutionary tshwm sim hauv nws, cuam tshuam rau pej xeem ntawm ib hom. Yog li ntawd, qhov tshwm sim ntawm subspecies thiab cov kab mob tshiab tuaj yeem ua tau. Cov txheej txheem ua rau cov tsos ntawm taxa - genera, tsev neeg, chav kawm - kuj tau pom ntawm no. Lawv nyob rau hauv macroevolution. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm V. Vernadsky, ua pov thawj kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov teeb meem nyob hauv biosphere, lees paub qhov tseeb tias biogeocenosis yog ib puag ncig rau cov txheej txheem evolutionary.
Nyob rau hauv qhov siab tshaj plaws, uas yog, ruaj khov ecosystems, uas muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm ntau chav kawm, kev hloov pauv tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Cov tsiaj txhu nyob rau hauv xws li biogeocenoses ruaj khov yog hu ua coenophilic. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov kab ke uas tsis ruaj tsis khov, kev hloov pauv tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim ntawm cov yas ecologically, thiaj li hu ua hom cenophobic. Kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm cov neeg sib txawv ntawm tib hom hloov pauv lawv cov noob caj noob ces, cuam tshuam qhov zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob sib txawv. Yog li hais tias niaj hnub biology. Evolutionntawm lub ntiaj teb organic, uas peb yuav xav txog hauv qab no, lees paub qhov tseeb.
Stages of development of nature
Cov kws tshawb fawb xws li S. Razumovsky thiab V. Krasilov tau ua pov thawj tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Lawv sawv cev qeeb thiab yuav luag tsis pom kev hloov pauv hauv biogeocenoses ruaj khov. Lawv nrawm nrawm thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov ib puag ncig: kev puas tsuaj ntawm tib neeg tsim, cov dej khov yaj, thiab lwm yam. Muaj li 3 lab hom tsiaj nyob hauv biosphere niaj hnub no. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv rau tib neeg lub neej yog kawm los ntawm biology (Qib 7). Cov evolution ntawm Protozoa, Coelenterates, Arthropods, Chordates yog ib tug gradual teeb meem ntawm lub circulatory, ua pa, thiab lub paj hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj.
Thawj qhov seem ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia nyob muaj nyob hauv Archean sedimentary pob zeb. Lawv lub hnub nyoog yog kwv yees li 2.5 billion xyoo. Thawj eukaryotes tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm Proterozoic era. Muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm ntau cov kab mob piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm I. Mechnikov's phagocytella thiab E. Getell's gastrea. Evolution hauv biology yog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj qus los ntawm thawj Archean lub neej cov ntaub ntawv mus rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm flora thiab fauna ntawm niaj hnub Cenozoic era.
Cov tswv yim niaj hnub hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm evolution
Lawv yog cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov kab mob. Lawv cov genotype yog qhov kev tiv thaiv tshaj plaws los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud (kev txuag ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm ib hom kab mob lom). Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob chromosomalkev hloov pauv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev - nrhiav tau ntawm tshiab nta thiab cov khoom - hais tias cov evolution ntawm cov tsiaj coj qhov chaw. Biology kawm nws nyob rau hauv xws li kev sib piv anatomy, biogeography thiab noob caj noob ces. Kev yug me nyuam, raws li qhov tseem ceeb hauv evolution, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Nws ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm lub neej.
txiv neej thiab biosphere
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim lub ntiaj teb lub plhaub thiab cov kev ua haujlwm geochemical ntawm cov kab mob nyob yog kawm los ntawm biology. Lub evolution ntawm biosphere ntawm peb ntiaj chaw muaj keeb kwm ntev geological. Nws tau tsim los ntawm V. Vernadsky hauv nws cov lus qhia. Nws kuj tau qhia lub sij hawm "noosphere", lub ntsiab lus los ntawm nws tus cwj pwm ntawm kev nco qab (ntseeg) tib neeg kev ua ntawm xwm. Cov teeb meem nyob, uas nkag mus rau hauv txhua lub plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb, hloov lawv thiab txiav txim siab kev ncig ntawm cov khoom thiab lub zog.
