Cov tub ntxhais kawm German uas tawm hauv lub dav hlau thawj zaug hauv Austria, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees lossis Switzerland xav tsis thoob yog tias lawv tsis paub dab tsi txog lus German. Txawm hais tias tus qauv German (Hochdeutsch) tau hais dav dav thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam lossis kev mus ncig, ib txwm los txog qhov uas koj tsis nkag siab ib lo lus, txawm tias koj tus German zoo nkauj heev.
Thaum qhov no tshwm sim, feem ntau txhais tau tias koj tau ntsib ib qho ntawm ntau hom lus German.
Kev paub ntau yam
Raws li qee qhov kev kwv yees, tus lej ntawm cov lus German txawv ntawm 50 txog 250. Qhov sib txawv loj yog vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txhais lo lus "dialect" nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog ib qho tshwm sim tag nrho, yog tias peb nkag siab tias thaum ntxov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog hauv thaj chaw uas tam sim no yog ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Europe hais lus German, tsuas yog cov lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg German. Tsis muaj lus German, uas tuaj ntau tom qab. Qhov tseeb, thawj hom lus- Latin - hauv cheeb tsam Germanic tau qhia los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem pom hauv "German" cov lus xws li "kaiser" ("emperor" los ntawm Caesar) thiab "tus thwjtim" (Schüler los ntawm Latin scholae).
Cov lus tsis meej pem no kuj muaj kev nom kev tswv ib yam: txog 1871 tsis muaj lub teb chaws hu ua lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, German-hais lus ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Europe ib puag ncig tsis sib xws nrog cov ciam teb kev nom kev tswv tam sim no. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Fabkis sab hnub tuaj hauv thaj av hu ua Alsace thiab Lorraine, ib hom lus German hu ua Alsatian (Elsässisch) tseem hais.
Linguists faib ntau hom lus German thiab lwm yam lus ua peb pawg loj: Dialekt/Mundart (dialect), Umgangssprache (idiomatic, siv hauv zos), thiab Hochsprache/Hochdeutsch (tus qauv German). Tab sis txawm tias linguists tsis pom zoo txog thaj tsam meej ntawm cov pawg. Cov lus ntawm German muaj yuav luag tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov ncauj (txawm hais tias txhais lus), ua rau nws nyuaj rau qhia qhov twg ib qho xaus thiab qhov pib pib.
hom lus
Muaj ntau hom kev cai uas yuav luag txhua tus neeg hais lus tsis yog haiv neeg kawm. Nws yog hu ua Standarddeutsch (Standard German) los yog feem ntau Hochdeutsch (High German).
Standarddeutsch muaj nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws uas hais lus German. Txawm li cas los xij, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria thiab Switzerland muaj lawv tus kheej, me ntsis txawv version ntawm Standarddeutsch. Txij li lub teb chaws Yelemees yog lub teb chaws loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv trio, feem ntau kawm German tus qauv. Nws yog siv hauv German xov xwm, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev kawm.
Qhov "tus qauv" German tuaj yeem muaj cov lus sib txawv (uas tsis zoo ib yam li hom lus). Austrian German, Swiss (Standard) German los yog Hochdeutsch hnov nyob rau hauv Hamburg thiab hnov nyob rau hauv Munich yuav suab txawv me ntsis, tab sis txhua leej txhua tus muaj peev xwm to taub ib leeg.
Ntse
Ib txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab yog sib piv cov lus twg siv rau tib yam kev kawm. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lus German, xav txog lo lus " yoov tshaj cum", uas nyob rau hauv lawv tuaj yeem ua ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no: Gelse, Moskito, Mugge, Mücke, Schnake, Staunze. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, tib lo lus tuaj yeem muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv nyob ntawm seb koj nyob qhov twg. Eine (Stech-) Mücke nyob rau sab qaum teb lub teb chaws Yelemees yog yoov tshaj cum. Hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm Austria, tib lo lus hais txog yoov tshaj cum lossis yoov. Qhov tseeb, tsis muaj ib lo lus universal rau qee cov lus hauv German dialects hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Lub jelly-filled donut yog hu ua peb lo lus sib txawv, sib nrug los ntawm lwm yam lus hloov. Berliner, Krapfen thiab Pfannkuchen txhua tus txhais tau tias yog khob noom cookie. Tab sis Pfannkuchen nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees yog pancake los yog crepe. Hauv Berlin, tib lo lus hais txog lub khob noom cookie, thiab hauv Hamburg, lub khob noom cookie yog Berliner.
Cov lus German niaj hnub
Siv qee lub sijhawm hauv qhov no lossis ib feem ntawm German Sprachraum (" thaj chaw hais lus "), koj yuav tsum paub cov lus hauv zos. Qee qhov xwm txheej, kev paub txog cov ntawv hauv zos ntawm German tuaj yeem ua tauib qho teeb meem ntawm kev ciaj sia. Muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm German lus, khiav los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb. Lawv txhua tus muaj kev xaiv sib txawv hauv lawv tus kheej.
Frisian
Cov lus German no yog hais nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws, raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm North Hiav Txwv. Cov lus North Frisian yog siv sab qab teb ntawm Danish ciam teb. West Frisian mus txog rau tam sim no Holland, thaum East Frisian siv sab qaum teb ntawm Bremen raws ntug dej hiav txwv thiab, zoo heev, nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab East Frisian Islands tuaj tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.
Low German
Nws tseem hu ua Netherlandic lossis Plattdeutsch. Cov lus German no yog siv los ntawm Dutch ciam teb sab hnub tuaj mus rau yav dhau los German thaj chaw ntawm East Pomerania thiab East Prussia. Nws tau muab faib ua ntau yam, suav nrog North Low Saxon, Westphalian, East Italian, Brandenburgian, East Pomeranian, Mecklenburger, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus no feem ntau zoo li lus Askiv (nrog uas nws muaj feem cuam tshuam) ntau dua li Standard German.
"Low" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog hais txog cov lowlands ntawm sab qaum teb lub teb chaws Yelemees, as opposed to highlands ntawm lub Alps. Txawm hais tias nws maj mam ploj mus, ntau tus neeg hais lus tseem xav tias nws yog ib feem ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam, mus txog qhov hu nws lawv tus kheej hom lus es tsis yog hom lus.
Mitteldeutsch (Middle German)
Thaj av German nruab nrab ncav cuag nruab nrab ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm Luxembourg (qhov twg Mitteldeutsch sub-dialect ntawm Latin yog hais) mus rau sab hnub tuajrau niaj hnub Poland thiab cheeb tsam ntawm Silesia (Schlesien). Muaj ntau hom lus sub-dialects los sau, tab sis kev faib loj yog nruab nrab ntawm West Middle German thiab East Middle German.
High Saxon (Sächsisch)
Saxony yog ib lub xeev tseemfwv hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Nws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub qub German Democratic Republic thaum Tsov Rog Txias. Nws raug suav hais tias yog los ntawm ntau tus ua lus German phem tshaj plaws.
Nws cov cim suav nrog cov lus sib txawv ntawm ei vowels, yog li lawv suab tsis zoo li lus Askiv hi dua li lus Askiv hay. Qee lub suab R kuj siv rau cov lus sib txawv.
Berlin (Berlinerisch)
Qee tus hais tias nws tuag vim yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus qauv German hauv xov xwm, ntau xyoo ntawm kev faib thiab cov neeg Berliners poob qis uas tau nyob hauv nroog tag nrho lawv lub neej. Cov lus German no paub txog kev hloov nws lub suab ch nrog k, softening hard g nrog j thiab blurring kab ntawm rooj plaub.
Swiss German (Schwiizerdütsch)
Lub npe no (tseem sau Schweizerdeutsch lossis txawm tias Schwizertitsch) yog lub ntsiab lus dav dav rau ntau hom lus hauv German-hais lus cantons ntawm Switzerland.
Txawm hais tias lawv txawv ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw txawm tias nyob hauv lub tebchaws me me no, muaj qee qhov kev sib txawv, xws li kev hloov pauv suab piv rau tus qauv German, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas cov lus Swiss.cov khoom.
Austrian German (Österreichisches Deutsch)
Muaj cov qauv ntawm cov lus no uas zoo heev, zoo ib yam li hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes. Qhov tseeb, yog tias koj pom Austrian German sau ntawv, piv txwv li hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Die Presse lossis Der Standard, koj yuav tsis pom qhov txawv ntawm txhua qhov! Tab sis hais lus txawv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus.
Bayerisch
Bavaria nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm tsoomfwv lub xeev. Bavarian muaj qhov zoo sib xws nrog lwm yam lus.
Vim tias thaj av Bavarian-Austrian tau koom ua nom ua tswv ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo, nws kuj yog hom lus ntau dua li German sab qaum teb. Muaj ntau qhov kev faib (Southern, Middle thiab Northern Bavarian, Tyrolean, Salzburg), tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv tsis tseem ceeb heev.
