Lub cev yog ib qho zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg uas ua haujlwm sib haum xeeb los tswj tib neeg lub neej. Thiab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas txhawb lub neej yog cov metabolism. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom, lub zog tsim nyog rau kev khiav ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg yog synthesized. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau lub zog, cov khoom lag luam uas muaj teeb meem metabolic kuj tsim. Lawv yuav tsum raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cell, cov kua dej interstitial thiab ntshav los ntawm lub raum. Nyob rau hauv lub raum, pom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub glomerular apparatus, ib tug tshwj xeeb qauv ntawm lub active nephron, rau hauv uas afferent arteriole ntws.
Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv ntawm nephron
Nefron - ib qho kev sau ntawm cov hlwb uas tsim cov tshuaj ntsiav thiab lub glomerulus nrog cov channel txuas ntxiv los ntawm nws, npaj rauntshav plasma filtration thiab tso zis tso zis. Qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub raum lub luag haujlwm rau kev tso zis. Lub nephron muaj ib lub glomerulus uas muaj nws tus kheej capsule. Lub afferent arteriole, cov hlab ntsha, ntws mus rau hauv nws, uas cov ntshav nkag mus rau hauv glomerulus. Ntau cov arterioles me tawm ntawm afferent arteriole, uas tsim ib lub glomerulus thiab sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib qho loj - qhov efferent.
Cov tom kawg yog qhov me me dua li qhov nqa, uas yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj kev siab siab (li 120 mm Hg) ntawm qhov nkag. Vim li no, lub siab hydrostatic nyob rau hauv lub glomerulus nce, thiab yog li ntawd yuav luag tag nrho cov kua yog lim, thiab tsis nqa tawm mus rau hauv lub efferent arteriole. Tsuas yog ua tsaug rau lub siab hydrostatic, kwv yees li sib npaug ntawm 120 hli mercury, muaj cov txheej txheem zoo li lub raum pom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv ob lub raum, ntshav pom tshwm sim hauv glomerulus ntawm nephron, thiab nws ceev yog yuav luag 120 ml ib feeb.
Lub raum pom yam ntxwv
Globular filtration rate yog ib qho ntawm cov cim qhia los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm ntawm lub raum. Qhov ntsuas thib ob yog reabsorption, uas feem ntau yuav luag 99%. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yuav luag tag nrho cov thawj cov zis uas tau dhau los ntawm nephron glomerulus mus rau lub convoluted tubule tom qab dhau los ntawm cov tubule nqis, lub voj ntawm Henle thiab lub ascending tubule yog absorbed rov qab mus rau hauv cov ntshav nrog rau cov as-ham.
Cov ntshav ntws mus rau lub raum yog nqa los ntawm cov hlab ntsha, uas yog qhov qubhaus ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov feeb ntim ntawm cov ntshav ncig, thiab cov lim dej tawm los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yog tias cov zis systolic ntawm sab laug ventricle ntawm lub plawv yog 80 ml, ces 20 ml ntawm cov ntshav yuav raug ntes los ntawm ob lub raum, thiab lwm 20 ml ntawm lub hlwb. Qhov seem 50% ntawm tag nrho systolic ntim muab rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev.
Lub raum yog cov khoom nruab nrog uas siv cov ntshav ncig, tab sis lawv xav tau cov ntshav tsis ntau rau cov metabolism hauv kev lim dej. Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem ceev heev thiab nquag, qhov nrawm uas yooj yim heev los taug qab siv cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj radiopaque. Tom qab lawv cov tshuaj txhaj rau hauv lub raum, cov ntshav pom tshwm sim hauv glomerular apparatus ntawm cov tshuaj cortical. Thiab twb 5-7 feeb tom qab raug ntaus, nws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv lub raum pelvis.
Kev lim hauv lub raum
Qhov tseeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub txaj venous mus rau lub ntsws, tom qab ntawd mus rau lub plawv thiab tom qab ntawd lub raum cov hlab ntsha hauv 20-30 vib nas this. Nyob rau hauv lwm feeb, nws nkag mus rau lub raum glomerulus, thiab tom qab ib feeb, los ntawm cov ducts sau nyob rau hauv lub pyramids ntawm ob lub raum, nws sau nyob rau hauv lub raum calyces thiab tawm mus rau hauv lub plab mog. Tag nrho cov no yuav siv sijhawm li 2.5 feeb, tab sis tsuas yog 5-7 feeb xwb qhov sib txawv ntawm lub plab mog nce mus rau qhov tseem ceeb uas tso cai rau koj kom pom qhov tso tawm ntawm x-rays.
Ntawd yog, kev pom cov tshuaj, tshuaj lom lossis cov khoom lag luam metabolic nquag tshwm sim tom qab 2.5 feeb hauv cov ntshav. Nws ceev heevib qho txheej txheem uas ua tau vim yog cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm nephron. Hauv ob lub raum, ntshav pom tshwm sim hauv cov qauv no, cov glomeruli uas nyob hauv cov khoom cortical. Hauv medulla ntawm ob lub raum, tsuas yog cov tubules ntawm nephron nyob. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tseeb hais tias pom tshwm sim hauv cortical txheej ntawm lub cev.
Ntau tus yuam kev thaum lawv hais tias hauv lub raum, ntshav pom tshwm sim hauv cov pyramids. Qhov no yog qhov yuam kev, txij li lawv tsuas yog muaj cov ducts ntawm nephron, convoluted, nqis thiab ascending tubules, nrog rau lub voj ntawm Henle. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub pyramids, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog reabsorption thiab concentration ntawm cov zis, tom qab uas nws tau sau thiab tawm mus rau hauv lub raum pelvis. Kev pom nws tus kheej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cortical txheej ntawm lub raum, uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav.
Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm lub raum tubules
Nyob rau hauv lub raum, ntshav pom tshwm sim hauv cov tshuaj ntsiav ntawm nephrons, ntau meej, hauv glomerular apparatus. Thawj cov zis yog tsim los ntawm no, uas yog cov ntshav plasma yam tsis muaj cov protein ntau molecular. Lub epithelium uas kab rau sab hauv ntawm lub raum tubules muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Ua ntej, nws muaj peev xwm nqus dej thiab electrolytes, rov qab mus rau lub txaj vascular.
Thib ob, cov hlwb epithelial tuaj yeem nqus cov protein uas tsis muaj zog molecular, uas tseem yuav raug xa mus rau cov ntshav yam tsis tau rhuav tshem lawv cov qauv. Thib peb, lub epithelium ntawm lub nephron tubules muaj peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej synthesizing amino acids los ntawm transamination thiab qabzib los ntawm gluconeogenesis los ntawm amino acid residues. Tab sis cov txheej txheem no tsis yog chaotic, tab sis tswjlub cev.
Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov hlwb epithelial muaj ntau cov receptors uas tau txais cov teeb liab los ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab molecules, ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm cov amino acid synthesis lossis qabzib. Qhov thib plaub feature ntawm lub epithelial hauv ob sab phlu ntawm lub raum glomeruli yog lub peev xwm nqus monosaccharides nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qabzib-6-phosphate.
CV
Lub raum yog cov kabmob ntawm cov zis uas pom tshwm sim. Ua tsaug rau nws, nephrons tshem tawm cov dej-soluble compounds los ntawm cov ntshav, tswj cov acid-base tshuav ntawm lub cev. Ib qho kev xav tsis zoo yog tias nyob rau hauv ob lub raum, ntshav pom tshwm sim hauv cov tubules convoluted. Qhov tseeb, twb tau lim cov kua - thawj cov zis - nkag mus rau hauv lub convoluted tubule los ntawm glomerular capsule. Nyob rau hauv lub convoluted glomerulus, lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub epithelium yog nqus dej thiab ua raws li cov concentration muaj nuj nqi.
