Preschool oligophrenopedagogy plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws loj.
Stages of development
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam preschool uas muaj kev txawj ntse loj heev tau txheeb xyuas peb lub sij hawm:
- Kev txhim kho ntawm kev kho pedagogy los ntawm 1930 txog 1978 Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev paub txog kev kawm tau sau tseg, kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev qhia thiab kev kho mob ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool tau kawm, cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov txheej txheem tau npaj rau kev tsim cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb kho kev kawm preschool.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho thiab kev kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev txawj ntse los ntawm 1978 txog 1992
- Kev taw qhia rau kev tshawb pom ntxov ntawm kev txawj ntse tsis taus hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool, kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev kho mob ntawm kev ua txhaum cai, kev koom tes ntawm cov niam txiv hauv txoj kev kawm (1992 - niaj hnub no).
Kev tsim ntawm oligophrenopedagogy hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool
Cia peb txheeb xyuas lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov tsimMore.
Vygotsky txoj kev xav tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv thawj qhov. Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb caug xyoo ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo nyob rau hauv Russia, lub ntsiab qauv ntawm kev tsim ntawm tus me nyuam lub siab xav tau tshwm sim. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau pom tias tsim kom muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua ntawm tus neeg tshwm sim tom qab yug me nyuam. Cov txheej txheem no cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo, kev cob qhia thiab kev kawm. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, cov kws qhia ntawv muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab lom neeg hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool, thiab cov hauv paus ntawm oligophrenic pedagogy tshwm sim.
Txoj kev xav hauv tsev ntawm kev txhim kho kev paub ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschools
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim qhov tseeb ntawm kev maj mam tsim ntawm kev paub ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool los ntawm kev nthuav tawm qhov muaj peev xwm muaj nyob hauv nws. Txoj kev xav ntawm L. S. Vygotsky tau tso cai rau cov kws qhia ntawv xaiv txoj kev tshiab ntawm oligophrenic pedagogy rau hnub nyoog preschool.
Soviet psychologists D. B. Elkonin, A. N. Leontyeva tau qhia tias kev kawm tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kev txawj ntse, kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev muaj tswv yim kev ua si ntawm preschoolers. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev ntawm pab pawg kws qhia ntawv hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws yog qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem ntawm kev loj hlob kev kawm hauv preschool pedagogy.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob kev kawm rau oligophrenopedagogy
Txoj kev qhia txog kev puas siab puas ntsws retarded preschoolers tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1975. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb preschool tau qhib hauv Moscow, tsim rau cov menyuam yaus nrogkev tsis taus kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau tias kev kho qhov txawv txav ntawm txoj kev loj hlob yog ua tau tsuas yog nrog kev txhim kho kev cob qhia, siv txoj kev xav ntawm lub sij hawm rhiab heev. Ib tug menyuam uas muaj kev xiam oob khab loj hlob xav tau kev qhia ntxaws ntxaws thiab raws sijhawm. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev kho thiab kev kawm ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb qhov haujlwm tau pib thaum twg. Oligophrenopedagogy yog kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Cov teeb meem sai dua raug txheeb xyuas, ib qho kev pab cuam raug tsim los tshem tawm lawv, qhov ntau dua qhov kev kho yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Retarded Preschool Program
Nws tau luam tawm xyoo 1976. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim cov kev kawm thiab kev qhia, cov lus pom zoo tshwj xeeb tau tsim los rau lawv txoj kev siv hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool rau cov menyuam uas muaj kev tsis taus ntawm kev txawj ntse. Cov txheej txheem tau sau tseg tias oligophrenopedagogy yog ib feem ntawm kev kho mob uas tshwj xeeb hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev kawm ntawm cov me nyuam mos hlwb.
Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev qhia ntawv txuas ntxiv mus. Retraining nyob rau hauv oligophrenopedagogy ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov me nyuam psychologists tau ua tiav. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool tau tsim ib txoj kev xav ntawm kev ua ub ua no rau kev txhim kho tus cwj pwm ntawm preschool. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau luam tawm ntau qhov kev sau tshawb fawb, uas tau sau tseg tias oligophrenopedagogy tsis yog kab lus, tab sis yog vim li cas.ua hauj lwm nyuaj ntawm cov xib fwb. Ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb uas tsim los ntawm O. P. Gavrilushkin thiab ND Sokolov, tsim los rau kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws preschool, kuj tau tshwm sim hauv 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.
Nws hais tias oligophrenopedagogy yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev qhia pedagogical, uas muaj kev koom ua ke rau kev loj hlob thiab kev kawm ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj kev txawj ntse. Kev tsom xam tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim kom muaj kev pom zoo rau kev tsim cov menyuam yaus cov dej num. Kev cob qhia kev cob qhia yog tsim los rau kev txhim kho cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool los ntawm 3 txog 8 xyoo. Lawv koom nrog kev txheeb xyuas thiab kho tus cwj pwm ntawm tus menyuam uas tsis muaj kev txawj ntse.
Kev mloog yog them rau ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau kev ua ub no ntawm cov me nyuam uas muaj kev txawj ntse.
Kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov menyuam yaus txoj kev kawm oligophrenic
Yog li dab tsi yog oligophrenopedagogy? Lub ntsiab txhais tau hais tias, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, peb tab tom tham txog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm kev coj cwj pwm ntawm kev kov yeej kev puas siab puas ntsws puas siab puas ntsws nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam preschool, pab cov me nyuam no hloov mus rau hauv lub social puag ncig. Ntxiv nrog rau cov kev ua si ua si ib txwm siv hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev ua haujlwm pom. Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj teeb meem kev txawj ntse muaj kev koom tes los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws kho mob hlwb hauv kev tsim qauv, lawv muaj cov chav kawm hauv kev ua qauv thiab kos duab. Nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub no, kev txawj tsav tsheb zoo tsim nyob rau hauv preschoolers, lawv hais lus apparatus tsim, thiab kev sib txuas lus kev sib txuas lus tau tsim. Txawm nrog lojKev loj hlob tsis taus, nrog rau txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws, nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov tswv yim lej hauv theem pib, nrog rau kev tsim cov hauv paus ntawm kev coj cwj pwm hauv zej zog.
Modern Oligophrenopedagogy
Dab tsi yog oligophrenopedagogy tam sim no kawm? Kev saib xyuas ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws yog nyiam los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov qauv tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool, uas nyob deb ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse. Feem ntau, cov tsev kawm kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv tsev kawm ntawv preschool ua raws li ib daim ntawv ntawm kev muab kev kho mob rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool uas muaj teeb meem hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws nyob ntawm no tias kev hais lus kho tau zoo tsim. Oligophrenopedagogy ua haujlwm raws li cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb tau pom zoo los ntawm Ministry of Education ntawm Lavxias Federation, nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kws qhia ntawv, cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob, thiab cov kws kho mob rau menyuam yaus.
Tshawb nrhiav hauv Lavxias Federation ntawm oligophrenopedagogy
Kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub hauv kev kho pedagogy feem ntau yog tsom rau kev tsim lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb pom ntxov ntawm cov teeb meem, muab kev kho lub hlwb raws sij hawm thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb ntawm preschoolers. Txhawm rau ua kom txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ua tau zoo, kev kho kev qhia ntawv yuav tsum txhim kho nrog rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm tsev neeg.
Kev siv tsev neeg-kev coj noj coj ua hauv kev kuaj mob ntxov ntawm kev txawj ntse hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool hais txog kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus kws kho mob tsis zoo. Tom qab txheeb xyuasteeb meem daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm ntxiv ntawm tus menyuam. Lub koom haum tshwj xeeb raug tsim, uas suav nrog tsis yog cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kws kho mob, tus kws qhia ntawv, tus kws kho hais lus, thiab tus kws kho mob hlwb. Yog tias qhov kev kuaj mob tau lees paub los ntawm cov kws kho mob, yog tias kuaj pom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws loj, tus menyuam kawm preschool raug xa mus rau kev kawm ntxiv thiab kev cob qhia hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb preschool.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm preschool oligophrenopedagogy
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm preschool oligophrenopedagogy yog kev kawm txog cov theoretical parameters ntawm kev qhia thiab qhia cov me nyuam puas hlwb. Nws yog nyob rau lub hnub nyoog no uas tsim sai tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom thiab zoo uas tig ib tug lom neeg mus rau hauv ib tug neeg tshwm sim. Nyob rau theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob no, ib lub hauv paus yog tsim, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov tom ntej tsim ntawm tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse thiab muaj peev xwm, assimilation ntawm ntau yam kev ua ub no.
Ntxiv rau qhov zoo thiab cov khoom ntawm lub siab lub ntsws ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus cwj pwm, muaj kev tsim ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb, xwm txheej. Yog tias lub sijhawm no nws tsis tuaj yeem kho qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev txawj ntse, qhov no yuav cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev loj hlob tom ntej.
Zoo kawg
Oligophrenopedagogy tsis ntev los no tau nyiam cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, txij li, hmoov tsis zoo, muaj ntau thiab ntau tus menyuam uas muaj kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse hauv ib xyoos. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool muaj ib tug psychologist, ib tug xib fwb-hais lus kho mob. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yogKev txheeb xyuas thaum ntxov ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov teeb meem nrog kev hais lus, kev nco, kev mloog zoo, thiab lwm yam. Nws nyob ntawm kev tshaj lij ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm no seb puas muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool raug kuaj pom raws sijhawm. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog tias muaj ntau yam tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws yog ib qho kev ncua ntev.
FGOS ntawm tiam thib ob, qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool, yog tsom rau kev kuaj mob ntxov ntawm cov menyuam muaj peev xwm muaj tswv yim. Nrog rau tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv rau tsoomfwv cov qauv kev kawm tshiab, tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov tsev kawm preschool xeev, nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv ib pab pawg, muab kev pabcuam rau lawv, thiab koom nrog cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool: cov kws kho mob, kws kho mob hlwb, kws kho kev hais lus.
