Txhua tus neeg siv ntau pua tus npe txhua hnub hauv nws cov lus. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus yuav tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug ntawm qeb twg ib lo lus tshwj xeeb yog: cov npe zoo lossis cov npe, thiab seb puas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Lub caij no, tsis yog kev sau ntawv nkaus xwb yog nyob ntawm qhov kev paub yooj yim no, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm nkag siab qhov raug nyeem, vim feem ntau, tsuas yog nyeem ib lo lus xwb, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias nws yog lub npe lossis lub npe ntawm ib yam nkaus xwb.
Noun: yog dab tsi
Ua ntej koj txiav txim siab seb lub npe twg yog hu ua qhov tsim nyog thiab cov npe zoo li cas, yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lawv yog dab tsi.
Nouns yog cov lus teb cov lus nug "Dab tsi?", "Leej twg?" thiab denoting lub npeyam lossis tib neeg (" rooj ", "tus neeg"), lawv hloov raws li kev txiav txim siab, poj niam txiv neej, tus lej thiab rooj plaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus hais txog qhov no ntawm kev hais lus yog qhov tsim nyog / cov npe.
Lub tswv yim ntawm lub npe: hom nouns thiab cov npe zoo
Tshwj tsis tshua muaj kev zam, tag nrho cov npe muaj nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov npe zoo lossis cov npe.
Cov npe muaj xws li cov npe ntawm cov khoom sib xws lossis cov xwm txheej uas yuav txawv ntawm ib leeg hauv qee qhov nta, tab sis tseem yuav raug hu ua ib lo lus. Piv txwv li, lub npe "khoom ua si" yog ib tug ntau lub npe, txawm hais tias nws generalizes lub npe ntawm ntau yam khoom: tsheb, menyuam roj hmab, bears thiab lwm yam khoom los ntawm pab pawg neeg no. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, raws li nyob rau hauv feem ntau lwm tus, cov nouns ib txwm sau nrog ib tug me me tsab ntawv.
Cov npe zoo yog cov npe ntawm cov tib neeg, yam, qhov chaw lossis cov neeg sawv cev. Piv txwv li, lo lus "tus menyuam roj hmab" yog ib lub npe uas muaj npe tag nrho cov khoom ua si, tab sis lub npe nrov ntawm cov menyuam roj hmab "Barbie" yog lub npe tsim nyog. Tag nrho cov npe tsim nyog tau sau npe.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov npe sib xws, tsis zoo li cov npe tsim nyog, muaj qee lub ntsiab lus lexical. Piv txwv li, thaum nws hais tias "tus menyuam roj hmab", nws pom tseeb tias peb tab tom tham txog cov khoom ua si, tab sis thaum lawv tsuas hu lub npe "Masha" sab nraum. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib lub npe, tsis paub meej tias nws yog leej twg - ib tug ntxhais, menyuam roj hmab, lub npe ntawm lub npe, tus kws txiav plaub hau lossis chocolate bar.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov npe yog cov npe zoo thiab cov npe. Txog tam sim no, linguists tseem tsis tau muaj kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob pawg no. Muaj 2 qhov kev pom zoo rau lo lus nug no: raws li ib qho, muaj ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm cov npe thiab cov npe zoo; Raws li lwm tus, txoj kab sib faib ntawm cov pawg no tsis yog qhov tseeb vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov npe ntawm ib pawg mus rau lwm qhov. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov lus hu ua "intermediate" cov lus uas tsis yog cov npe zoo lossis cov npe, txawm hais tias lawv muaj cov cim ntawm ob pawg. Cov nouns muaj xws li ethnoyms - cov lus txhais cov npe ntawm haiv neeg, haiv neeg, pab pawg neeg thiab lwm yam zoo xws li cov ntsiab lus.
Cov npe: piv txwv thiab hom
Muaj ntau lub npe nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Tag nrho cov no feem ntau muab faib ua plaub yam.
1. Tshwj xeeb - qhia txog cov khoom lossis cov xwm txheej uas suav tau (tib neeg, noog thiab tsiaj txhu, paj). Piv txwv li: "laus", "me", "thrush", "shark", "ash", "violet". Cov npe tshwj xeeb yuav luag ib txwm muaj ntau tus lej thiab tus lej thiab suav nrog ntau tus lej: "tus neeg laus - ob tus neeg laus", "ib violet - tsib violets".
2. Abstract - qhia txog lub ntsiab lus, kev xav, yam khoom uas suav tsis tau: "kev hlub", "kev noj qab haus huv", "wit". Feem ntau, hom noun no tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov lus. Yog tias, rau ib qho laj thawj lossis lwm qhov, lub npe ntawm hom no tau txais ntau qhov ntau ("kev ntshai - ntshai"), nws poob nws lub ntsiab lus tsis meej.
3. Tiag tiag - qhia txog cov khoom uas muaj homogeneous nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis muaj cov khoom sib cais: cov khoom siv tshuaj (mercury), zaub mov (pasta), tshuaj (citramon) thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws. Cov npe tiag tiag tsis suav tau, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ntsuas tau (kilogram ntawm pasta). Cov lus ntawm hom noun no tsuas muaj ib daim ntawv ntawm tus lej: ob leeg plural los yog tus lej: "oxygen" yog ib qho lus, "cream" yog plural.
4. Collective - cov no yog cov npe, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom lossis cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom, ua ib leeg, sib cais tag nrho: "kwv tij", "tib neeg". Cov npe ntawm hom no tsis suav tau thiab tsuas yog siv rau hauv daim ntawv ib leeg xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog lawv koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus "me ntsis", "ob peb", "tseem ceeb" thiab cov zoo li: ntau tus menyuam yaus, pes tsawg tus tub rog thiab lwm tus.
Ntaus npe: piv txwv thiab hom
Nyob ntawm lub ntsiab lus lexical, cov npe zoo no txawvnpe:
1. Anthroponyms - lub npe, lub xeem, lub npe, lub npe menyuam yaus thiab lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm tib neeg: Vasilyeva Anastasia, George Sand.
2. Theonyms - lub npe thiab lub npe ntawm deities: Zeus, Buddha.
3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animal: aub Barbos, cat Marie.
4. Txhua hom npe - npe thaj chaw, nroog (Volgograd), reservoir (Baikal), txoj kev (Pushkin) thiab lwm yam.
5. Aeronautonyms - lub npe ntawm ntau lub dav hlau thiab dav hlau: Vostok spacecraft, Mir interorbital chaw nres tsheb.
6. Cov npe ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, ntawv nyeem, xinesmas, TV programs: "Mona Lisa", "Cimme and Punishment", "Vertical", "Jumble".
7. Cov npe ntawm cov koom haum, cov vev xaib, hom: Oxford, Vkontakte, Milavitsa.
8. Cov npe hnub so thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo: Christmas, Independence Day.
9. Cov npe ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb: nag xob nag cua Isabel.
10. Cov npe ntawm cov tsev tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv: xinesmas "Rodina", cov chaw ua si "Olympic".
Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus kheej mus rau cov npe thiab hloov pauv
Vim hais tias cov lus tsis yog ib yam dab tsi paub daws teeb meem thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm ob qho tib si sab nraud thiab sab hauv, cov lus feem ntau hloov lawv pawg: cov uas tsim nyog tig mus rau cov npe, thiab cov npe zoo hloov mus rau cov npe zoo. Piv txwv ntawm qhov no muaj ntau heev. Yog li ntawd, lub ntuj tshwm sim "Frost" - los ntawm ib tug ntau lub npe hloov mus rau hauv nws tus kheej lub npe, lub xeem Frost. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov npe mus rau qhov tsim nyog yog hu uaonymization.
Tam sim no, lub xeem lub npe ntawm tus naas ej German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, uas yog thawj zaug nrhiav pom X-rays, nyob rau hauv cov lus hais ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tau ntev tig mus rau hauv lub npe ntawm kev kawm ntawm ib yam dab tsi siv. "X-ray" hluav taws xob nws nrhiav tau. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua appellation, thiab cov lus no hu ua eponyms.
Yuav ua li cas sib txawv
Ntxiv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, kuj tseem muaj cov qauv sau ntawv uas tso cai rau koj kom paub meej qhov txawv ntawm cov npe thiab cov npe. Lavxias teb sab lus yog heev tswv yim nyob rau hauv no hais txog. Pawg ntawm cov npe, tsis zoo li cov npe zoo, raws li txoj cai, muaj ob qho tib si ntau thiab ntau hom: "tus kws kos duab - cov kws kos duab."
Thiab tib lub sijhawm, lwm pawg yuav luag ib txwm siv hauv cov lus hais: Picasso yog tus kws kos duab lub npe, tus lej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev zam thaum cov npe tsim nyog tuaj yeem siv tau hauv ntau qhov ntau. Piv txwv ntawm lub npe no, Ameslikas siv nyob rau hauv ntau ntau: lub zos ntawm Bolshiye Kabany. Hauv qhov no, cov npe zoo no feem ntau tsis muaj qhov sib txawv: cov roob ntawm Carpathians.
Qee zaum cov npe raug siv tau ntau tshaj yog tias lawv qhia cov neeg sib txawv lossis cov xwm txheej, tab sis nrog cov npe zoo ib yam. Piv txwv li: Muaj peb Xenias hauv peb chav kawm.
Yuav ua li cas sau
Yog tias kev sau cov npe no yooj yim heev: lawv txhua tus sau nrog ib tsab ntawv me me, thiab cov seem hauv qab noua raws li cov kev cai niaj hnub ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, tom qab ntawd lwm pawg muaj qee qhov nuances uas koj yuav tsum paub txhawm rau txhawm rau sau cov npe kom raug. Cov piv txwv ntawm kev sau tsis raug feem ntau tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv phau ntawv sau ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis saib xyuas, tab sis kuj muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg laus thiab cov neeg hwm.
Txhawm rau zam qhov yuam kev, koj yuav tsum kawm ob peb txoj cai yooj yim:
1. Tag nrho cov npe tsim nyog, yam tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, yog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm tus phab ej: Richard the Lionheart. Yog tias lub npe, lub xeem lossis lub npe chaw muaj ob lossis ntau lub npe, txawm hais tias lawv tau sau cais lossis nrog tus lej, txhua lo lus yuav tsum pib nrog tsab ntawv loj. Ib qho piv txwv nthuav yog lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm tus neeg phem tseem ceeb ntawm Harry Potter epic - Tus Tswv Tsaus Ntuj. Ntshai hu nws los ntawm nws thawj lub npe, tus phab ej hu ua tus dab phem hu ua "Nws Tsis Muaj Lub Npe". Hauv qhov no, tag nrho 4 lo lus tau sau npe, vim qhov no yog tus cwj pwm lub npe menyuam yaus.
2. Yog tias lub npe lossis lub npe muaj cov khoom, cov khoom thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam ntawm kev hais lus, lawv tau sau nrog ib tsab ntawv me me: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, tab sis Leonardo DiCaprio. Hauv qhov piv txwv thib ob, qhov "di" yog qhov loj, vim hais tias hauv cov lus qub nws tau sau ua ke nrog lub npe Leonardo DiCaprio. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no siv rau ntau lub npe ntawm txawv teb chaws tuaj. Hauv cov npe oriental qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom "bey", "zul","zade", "pasha", thiab lwm yam, tsis hais seb lawv sawv hauv nruab nrab ntawm lo lus lossis sau nrog tsab ntawv me me thaum kawg. Tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus siv rau kev sau npe kom raug nrog cov khoom ua lwm yam lus. German "von", "zu", "auf"; Spanish "de"; Dutch "van", "ter"; Fabkis "des", "du", "de la".
3. Cov lus "San-", "Sen-", "Saint-", "Ben-" nyob rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub npe txawv teb chaws yog sau nrog lub peev thiab ib tug hyphen (Saint-Gemain); Tom qab O, yeej ib txwm muaj apostrophe thiab tsab ntawv tom ntej no yog capitalized (O'Henry). Qhov "Mac-" yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv lem nrog ib tug hyphen, tab sis feem ntau nws yog sau ua ke vim lub approximation ntawm lub spelling rau tus thawj: McKinley, tab sis McLane.
Thaum koj tau daws cov ntsiab lus yooj yim no (dab tsi yog lub npe, hom npe thiab piv txwv), koj tuaj yeem ua ib zaug thiab rau txhua tus cawm koj tus kheej ntawm kev ruam, tab sis qhov tsis txaus siab sau ntawv yuam kev thiab xav tau los saib hauv phau ntawv txhais lus los kuaj koj tus kheej.
