Kab lus no muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov lus, lawv hom tseem ceeb, kev txiav txim siab thiab kev sau ntawv, cov lus ntawm tus kheej hauv cov xwm txheej tsis ncaj yog txiav txim siab cais.
Ib lub npe yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias uas hais txog cov khoom, nta lossis tus neeg, tab sis tsis sau npe. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog siv los hloov lub npe, adjectives, lej thiab yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus uas pab tus hais lus zoo dua thiab tsis tas yuav rov ua dua ntawm tib lo lus los nthuav qhia cov lus rau tus mloog.
hom lus twg muaj nyob hauv Lavxias?
Qhov kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus no tau muab faib ua ntau tus lej los ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab cov qauv sau ntawv:
- tus kheej cov lus hais txog cov neeg koom nrog kev hais lus (Kuv, koj, nws);
- interrogatives feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kab lus nug (leej twg, dab tsi?);
- muaj peev xwm qhia qhov cim ntawm qhov kev kawm hauv kev sib txheeb (kuv, koj li);
- returnable txhais tau hais tias qhov kev txiav txim uas ua los ntawm ib tus neeg raug coj mus rau qhov khoom nws tus kheej (rau nws tus kheej);
- kwv tij- tib yam li cov lus nug, tab sis siv rau hauv subordinate clauses raws li cov lus phooj ywg (leej twg, rau leej twg);
- negative pronouns xa mus rau cov khoom uas ploj lawm lossis kos npe (tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj leej twg);
- txhais cov lus ntawm kev hais lus yog ib txoj hauv kev qhia meej cov ntsiab lus uas tau hais txog (txhua qhov chaw, txhua qhov chaw);
- npe indefinite khoom, yam ntxwv, thiab lwm yam. (qee tus, qee qhov);
- qhia siv txhais tau tias taw tes rau qee yam khoom lossis cov cim (tus ntawd, tus ntawd).
Morphological yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej pronouns
hom kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus no tsis hloov ntawm poj niam txiv neej, tab sis los ntawm cov ntsiab lus koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb nws yog leej twg: koj sau - koj sau.
| Unit h. | Mn. h. | |
| 1st l. | kuv | peb |
| 2nd l. | koj | koj |
| 3rd l. | nws, nws | lawv |
Qhov no ntawm kev hais lus hloov los ntawm rooj plaub. Cov lus qhia tias tus kheej pronouns hloov ntawm tus neeg thiab tus lej. Lawv nyob rau hauv kab lus, raws li txoj cai, ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib qho kev kawm lossis ib yam khoom. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm declension yog suppletivism, uas yog, tsis tsuas yog qhov kawg hloov, tab sis tag nrho cov lus.
Yuav ua li cas cov lus poob hauv Lavxias?
Thaum hloov los ntawm rooj plaub, cov ntu ntawm kev hais lus hloov tag nrho qia.
R.p. kuv, peb, koj, koj, nws, nws, lawv.
L.p.kuv, peb, koj, koj, nws, nws, lawv.
V.p. kuv, peb, koj, koj, nws, nws, lawv.
Lwm yam. kuv, peb, koj, koj, lawv, nws, lawv.
p. txog kuv, txog peb, txog koj, txog koj, txog nws, txog nws, txog lawv.
Thaum muab piv nrog cov lus ntawm tus kheej pronouns, cov lus xaus hauv qab no tuaj yeem kos:
- ib feem ntawm kev hais lus ntawm thawj thiab tus thib ob tsis muaj poj niam txiv neej;
- Tus thib peb pronouns poob lawv tus thawj consonant thaum declensed (nws - nws).
Yuav ua li cas cov lus sau raug raug?
Tus kheej cov lus tuaj yeem raug tsis lees paub los ntawm rooj plaub. Lawv cov yam ntxwv feature yog hais tias lawv tuaj tom qab prepositions, tsab ntawv n yog ntxiv ua ntej lawv (nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, qab nws, nrog lawv).
Tsab ntawv n yuav tsis yog tom qab cov lus qhia ua ntej (txawm tias, nyiam), uas tswj hwm rooj plaub: zoo li nws. Piv txwv ntawm tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv indirect kis: zoo li nws, ua tsaug rau nws.
Kuj, tsab ntawv n tsis txuas nrog rau ib feem ntawm kev hais lus tom qab adjectives hauv kev sib piv degree (nws tshuav tom qab lawv).
yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv oblique rooj
Tsuas muaj tsib kis tsis ncaj. Qhov no yog txhua yam tshwj tsis yog lub npe. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau npe ntawm cov lus thaum hloov los ntawm rooj plaub tau tham saum toj no. Raws li koj paub, feem ntau ntawm kev hais lus no feem ntau siv txhawm rau zam tautology.
Cia peb muab cov kab lus piv txwv nrog tus kheej pronouns hauvcov xwm txheej tsis ncaj:
- Tswv Ntuj hais txog kuv, vim kuv tau sau ib zaj dab neeg nto moo.
- Peb ib txwm muaj peb tug kwv: tus hlob, tus yau thiab Vovka.
- – Koj mus tau ob teev, koj mus qhov twg? kuv tus poj niam nug kuv.
- – Peb zoo siab tau pom koj! cov tub kawm qw nrov nrov.
- Masha xav txog nws ob peb zaug hauv ib hnub.
- Yuav ua li cas tsis nco qab nws: lub suab zoo nkauj thiab lub chaw pw hav zoov zoo ua rau txhua tus neeg vwm.
- Tag nrho lub tebchaws txaus siab rau lawv! Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog cov qub tub rog!
- Lawv tau txais ntau txoj haujlwm ua lej, lawv yuav tsum ua kom tiav tag nrho.
- - Cia kuv coj koj mus tsev! - hais ib tug neeg hla dhau mus rau ib tug ntxhais taug kev los.
- Tseem muaj coob leej nyob pem hauv ntej, peb thiaj txiav txim siab los nyob ntawm no ntxiv.
Los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv indirect case, nws yog tseeb hais tias lawv tej zaum kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib kab lus tsis yog ib zaug, tab sis ob peb zaug. Qhov no tsis ua phem rau lub xeev ntawm cov ntawv tag nrho.
Tus kheej cov lus hauv oblique rooj lus hauv Lavxias thiab Askiv
Hauv ob hom lus, cov lus ntawm cov lus no tau cuam tshuam. Raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, muaj ob hom declension nyob rau hauv lus Askiv: nominative thiab indirect. Nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob muaj ib qho tseem ceeb point: lub pronouns "koj" thiab "koj" suab thiab sau raws nraim tib yam - koj. Kev txhais lus nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Txwv tsis pub, tsis muaj qhov txawv txav. Yog li ntawd, kuv, kuv, koj, koj, koj, nws, nws, nws, nws, nws, nws, peb - peb, lawv - lawv.
| Ntseeg | Indirect case |
| I | kuv |
| nws | nws |
| nws | nws |
| nws | nws |
| koj | koj |
| peb | us |
| lawv | meej |
Tsis zoo li Lavxias, lus Askiv tsuas muaj ob kis, tsis yog tsib. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov lus nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws muaj tib daim ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv kab lus, tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv oblique rooj lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab, raws li zoo raws li txawv teb chaws sawv daws, feem ntau siv thiab yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Piv txwv li:
- Nws pom lawv. - Nws pom lawv.
- Muab tus cwj mem rau peb. - Muab cov cwj mem no rau peb.
- Qhia rau nws. - Qhia rau nws.
- Nws muab ib daim duab qhia rau nws. – Nws muab ib daim npav rau nws.
Thaum muab piv ob hom declension hauv lus Askiv, ib tus tuaj yeem pom suppletivism. Cov lus saum toj no qhia tau hais tias tsuas yog ob hom lus - koj thiab nws - sib tw.
Yog li, muaj ib feem tsis tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias thiab Askiv. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis ncaj yog suppletivism, uas yog, kev hloov ntawm qia kiag li thiab txo tus naj npawb ntawm declensions.
