Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog ntawm nws tus tswv, yog tias koj tuaj yeem txuas lawv tsis yog nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hlwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev. Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov ntawv sau no nquag siv los ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav thiab cov neeg tshawb nrhiav los txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj.
Cov cim qhia ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm tes hauv forensics qee zaum dhau los ua qhov txiav txim siab, txawm hais tias txoj kev sib piv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab tus cwj pwm raug nug nyob rau hauv feem ntau, vim tias cov ntawv tuaj yeem diluted nrog calligraphic norms los yog txhob txwm tshaj tawm stylized. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sau ntawv nrawm tuaj yeem yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv cov xwm txheej zoo. Rau ntau txhim khu kev qha thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, muaj tag nrho cov seem nyob rau hauv lub txim txhaum ib puag ncig - kev sau ntawv. Nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account txhua yam ntawm nuances thiab muab lub hom phiaj tshaj plaws kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm, tsis delving rau hauv nws psyche thiab puab ntiaj teb no.
Kev xaiv Kev Sau Tes
Nyob rau hauv forensics, kev faib tawm ntawm kev sau ntawv yog ua raws li 12specifications.
- Quality of line - contours and density of letters. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yuav smudge, hloov txoj kab nqes los yog tuab.
- Space - nrug ntawm cov ntawv. Lawv tuaj yeem sau rau hauv heap, sib npaug, tsis txuas. Nws tsis yog hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv.
- Qhov siab, qhov dav thiab qhov loj me yog cov ntawv sau ua ke.
- Kev sib txuas. Puas yog lawv tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov cim cim, qhov twg lawv tsis tuaj.
- Kev sib txuas strokes - kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv loj thiab cov ntawv me.
- pib thiab xaus strokes. Tus sau pib thiab xaus lus li cas, hooked, nrog lossis tsis nqa?
- Uniqueness - txhua yam nta. Tus kws sau ntawv tej zaum yuav muaj tus cwj pwm zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov ntawv sau nrog ntxiv swirls thiab dashes uas tus neeg nruab nrab tsis siv.
- Tau siab. Qhov no muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm qhov twg tus sau yog thawb daim ntawv nyuaj - ntawm ups los yog downs.
- Kev nqes hav thiab nws qhov kev siv zog. Tej zaum nws yuav nyob twj ywm, tab sis me ntsis lean mus rau sab xis yog ntau dua.
- Text txoj hauj lwm - qhov chaw uas cov tsiaj ntawv yog concentrated txheeb ze rau kab. Tej zaum lawv yuav los yog tsis kov lawv raws nraim.
- jewelry. Cov no yog cov loops loj thiab curls. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau hauv daim npav tos txais me me: "K", "N", "D"
- Ntawv cim - cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov dots, commas, dashes thiab lwm yam.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau ntawv txhais tes qhia tag nrho cov kev txwv no. Lawv ua rau tus sau cov style txawv ntawm qhov seem, uas ua rau nws ua tau rau kev sib piv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam.
Thaum xav tau kev txawj ntse
Cov cim ntawm kev sau ntawv tau dhau los ua pov thawj hauv qee qhov kev ua txhaum cai. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev nyiag rau tus nqe txhiv, yog tias cov neeg nyiag vim qee yam tso daim ntawv sau tseg es tsis txhob siv kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub no.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem pab tau los txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm daim ntawv tua tus kheej. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias tus txiv neej tom qab raug tua thiab tau sau cov lus hais txog kev tua tus kheej ntawm rab phom. Kev mob me me thiab kev sib txawv ntawm txoj kev sau ntawv ib txwm tuaj yeem ua pov thawj rau qhov no.
Kev ua txhaum ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qee lub sij hawm lub originality ntawm kev sau ntawv sau los ntawm tes, tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab txuam nrog cov ntawv nyeem, raug hu mus rau lo lus nug. Tus kws kos npe kos npe rau ntawm daim ntaub kim kim tuaj yeem yog cuav.
Nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum cai ntau dua, xws li thaum tus neeg siab phem rub cov lus rau hauv tus neeg raug tsim txom lub cev, kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem muab sijhawm rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav kom ntes tus neeg tua neeg.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov cim qhia dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv yog tus yuam sij rau kev tshawb nrhiav qhov ua txhaum cai.
Forensic tes sau
Thaum muaj ib tus neeg raug liam tias ua txhaum cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj yog daim ntawv sau tes, cov neeg tshawb xyuas tig mus rau cov kws sau ntawv los pab. Qee qhov xwm txheej, cov ntawv sau ntawm tus neeg raug liam thiab cov ntawv sau ntawm cov pov thawj sib tw. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov xwm txheej thaum nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tus neeg ua txhaum cai xav liam tus tsis muaj tximtus neeg. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua raws nraim li cas?
Lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov tshuaj forensic tau siv cov thev naus laus zis txhim khu kev qha: DNA kuaj, ntsuas fiber ntau, ntsuas ntiv tes, ntsuas lub suab thiab tshawb nrhiav tshuaj. Ntawm lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov ntawv sau. Nws yog txheej txheem txheej txheem raws li kev paub dav dav ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv li cas thiab tsis nco qab tawm cov lus qhia.
Graphology
Ib txhij nrog txoj kev lees paub no, muaj graphology - kev tshawb fawb tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig nyob ib puag ncig qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau nthuav tawm. Nws qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej zoo nrog cov ntawv sau. Yeej, graphological thwmsim tau sau tias tsis muaj qab hau thiab intuitive, txij li qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab tus cab kuj tsis tau muaj pov thawj. Tsis zoo li graphology, kev sau ntawv yog tsim nyog rau cov neeg ua txhaum cai. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem:
- Qhia tus sau phau ntawv.
- Sib piv cov ntawv nrog lwm tus thiab qhia tias tib tus neeg sau lawv li cas.
- Qhia qhov tseeb ntawm kev kos npe thiab lees paub kev sau ntawv.
- Tau xaus txog qhov chaw thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sau ntawv.
Factors
Thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov ntawv sau, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no ntawm kev sau ntawv raug suav nrog:
- Tus kheej.
- kev ruaj ntseg.
- Kev hloov pauv (nyob ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud).
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas kev sau ntawv yog tias txhua tus neeg muaj txoj kev sau ntawv tshwj xeeb. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, sawv daws kawm ua rawscalligraphy norms thiab tsim nws cov ntawv sau raws li. Sij hawm dhau mus, ib tug neeg tsim tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej, yog li peb feem coob tsis sau li peb tau kawm.
Text uniqueness
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv txhais tes thaum sib piv ob cov ntaub ntawv (ib qho sau los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv paub thiab lwm tus los ntawm tus neeg sau tsis paub) tsis pib nrog daim tshev zoo sib xws, tab sis nrog qhov sib txawv.
Koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib rau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv txaus kom nthuav tawm qhov kev sim ua kom zais koj cov ntawv sau lossis luam tawm lwm tus. Lawm, tus sau nws tus kheej yuav ua txhaum nws tus kheej style nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob confuse ib tug tiag tiag fake nrog ib tug random coincidence. Txawm hais tias txhua tus neeg sau ntawv yog qhov tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj leej twg sau tib yam ob zaug.
Sample analysis
Nov yog txoj kev ua haujlwm ntev, siv zog thiab ua tib zoo siv sijhawm ntau. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo tagnrho, muaj ntau cov qauv rau kev sib piv, txhua qhov yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab kom ntxaws. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas yog saib ob phau ntawv sau thiab hais tias, "Lawv ob leeg muaj C nrog tus taw taw zoo sib xws, yog li tus sau ntawv zoo ib yam." Tam sim no muaj cov cai nruj heev txog yuav tshuaj xyuas ib qho piv txwv li cas. Cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv txhais li cas yog tus kws tshuaj ntsuam kawm?
| Lab ntawv | Qhov no yuav siv rau hauv tus account curves, slopes, proportions thiab loj ntawm cov ntawv (qhov sib piv ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov ntawv qis thiab cov ntawv loj, nruab nrab ntawm qhov siab thiab qhov dav ntawm ib tsab ntawv), txoj kab nqes ntawm tsab ntawv,kev siv thiab zoo li cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm sau nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, nyob ntawm seb cov ntawv nyob rau hauv lo lus. Yog li ntawd, tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib rau qhov piv txwv ntawm txhua tsab ntawv hauv txhua qhov chaw. |
| Suab kab | suav nrog cov kab nyias nyias. Lawv qhia nrog ceev thiab siab npaum li cas tus sau sau. |
| Format | Implies tsab ntawv sib nrug, lo lus sib nrug, tso cov lus txheeb ze rau kab thiab kab. Tsis tas li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab, kev sib tshuam ntawm cov hlab ntsha hauv cov lus ntawm qib sib txawv. |
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Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsom xam dav dav, cov txheej txheem pib nrog thawj tsab ntawv ntawm thawj lo lus. Cov ntawv sau tawm hauv lub rooj rau kev sib piv pom (yog tias koj muaj lub koob yees duab digital thiab cov khoom siv, cov txheej txheem no yooj yim dua). Qhov ntau voluminous cov ntawv nyeem, qhov tsawg dua nws yuav tsis meej pem nrog kev txhob txwm luam tawm. Kev simulation yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nthuav dav hauv kev sau ntawv. Txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem suav tau vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab tshee tshee, lub siab tsis sib xws, cov cim ntawm kev ceev faj thiab qeeb, nws ua rau kev ntsuam xyuas nyuaj heev.
Nkauj Fake
Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sau ntawv cuav uas cov kws tshaj lij tsis tau yog rooj plaub ntawm Hitler's "poob" phau ntawv teev npe.
Nyob rau xyoo 1980, ib tug txiv neej hu ua Konrad Kujau (tus neeg sau xov xwm ntawm Nazi nco) tau muab lub tsev tshaj tawm German 60 phau ntawv sau los ntawm AdolfHitler. Cov nkauj zoo li qhov tseeb, thiab Kuyau muaj lub koob npe zoo, yog li lub tuam txhab luam tawm tau them nws $ 2.3 lab. Cov phau ntawv teev npe tau tshaj tawm tam sim ntawd, thiab cov cai rau lawv raug muag rau ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog The London Times. Nws yog Lub Sijhawm uas tau thov kev txheeb xyuas kev sau ntawv ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau tias muaj tseeb. Peb tus kws tshaj lij hauv ntiaj teb tau lees paub Hitler qhov kev sau los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus cwj mem thiab ntawv feem ntau siv los ntawm cov neeg dag ntxias thiab los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov ntawv sau qub.
Tom qab kuaj ultraviolet pom tias daim ntawv muaj cov khoom siv uas tsis siv txog xyoo 1954 (Hitler tuag xyoo 1945). Kuyau tau dhau los ua ib tus kws ua yeeb yam ua tiav, tau sau ob tsab ntawv thiab "thawj" cov qauv, uas tub ceev xwm siv los ua piv txwv piv txwv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Hitler tus sau tes.
Tej zaum qhov kev tshaj tawm yog kev txhob txwm tshaj tawm, thiab tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij blunder tag nrho.
Kev nyuaj
Qhov tseeb ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev sau ntawv yog cuam tshuam tsis yog los ntawm kev sim, tab sis kuj los ntawm lwm yam:
- Yuav tsis pom meej piv cov ntawv loj thiab cov tsiaj ntawv me.
- Tshuaj lossis kab mob tuaj yeem hloov pauv tus neeg sau ntawv tau zoo.
- Qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm qhov sib piv. Cov piv txwv phem ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm.
Qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau ntawv yog kev kawm. Nws lees txais los ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb raws li cov pov thawj muaj keeb kwm tsis txaus ntseeg. Tab sis niaj hnub ntxivcomputerized systems rau kev soj ntsuam kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem accelerates txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no ceg ntawm science thiab forensics. Cov cim ntawm kev sau ntawv tau yooj yim dua los paub qhov txawv. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no nws yooj yim dua kom paub qhov twg cov ntawv sau qub lossis kos npe yog, thiab qhov twg yog qhov cuav.
