thaj chaw ntawm kev vam meej ntawm Scythian thaum ub tau npog ntau mais. Muaj ntau cov pov thawj rau qhov no. Piv txwv li, cov kub ntawm cov Scythians, lawv cov khoom siv tes ua muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob, thiab nyob rau hauv faus mounds.
Keeb kwm ntawm Scythian kev vam meej
Yeej, cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm niaj hnub no hais txog kev vam meej thaum ub ntawm cov neeg Scythians yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Greeks - Strabo, Herodotus, Pliny tus Txwj Laug thiab lwm tus. Tsis tas li, cov ntaub ntawv yog muab los ntawm cov khoom siv, kev ua tub rog, kos duab pom hauv kev khawb, nrog rau Scythian kub, uas tau tham txog ntau yam tam sim no.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov pab pawg no tau nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe sab hnub tuaj hauv 7th-2nd centuries BC. Muaj ob txoj kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Scythian kev vam meej. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, cov pab pawg neeg no tau tsim los ntawm cov pejxeem uas tau siv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Qhov thib ob txoj kev xav belongs rau historian Herodotus. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov Scythians tuaj rau cov steppes los ntawm Asian av. Lawv cov lus (raws li ob peb cov ntaub ntawv uas tau pom) belongs rau pab pawg ntawm IranianTsev neeg Indo-European.
Lub sijhawm ntxov ntawm Scythian kev vam meej yog cim los ntawm kev ua tub rog loj uas tau mus txog ze li ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws. Qhov no yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 7 BC. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua no, cov Scythians twb nyob rau hauv lub Crimean ceg av qab teb (archaeological pom tau hais tias qhov no).
Tam sim no nyob rau hauv 7th-5th centuries BC, muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub no ntawm pab pawg neeg, uas yog hloov mus rau nomadic nyuj yug menyuam. Yog tias peb tham txog qhov chaw nyob ntxiv ntawm Scythians ntawm thaj chaw ntawm ceg av qab teb, peb tuaj yeem hais txog ntau qhov kev tsov rog uas tau tawm tsam ntawm no. Lawv tuaj yeem raug txiav txim los ntawm kev faus neeg loj (mounds) ntawm cov tub rog.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 4 BC, cov Scythians xaus lawv lub neej nomadic thiab hloov mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev nce hauv cov pejxeem, uas tau ua me ntsis los pab txhawb kev txav loj.
Nyob rau xyoo III BC, cov Scythians raug rhuav tshem tag nrho. Judging los ntawm cov charred seem, cov neeg txawv teb chaws ntxeem tau hlawv lawv cov chaw nyob rau hauv av. Tsuas yog cov nroog ntawm cov Greeks tseem nyob, uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov phab ntsa ruaj khov.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias lawv cov keeb kwm tag nrho tau poob rau hauv qhov tsis nco qab. Nart epic yog keeb kwm ntawm Scythian kab lis kev cai. Nws mus rau cov neeg ntawm North Caucasus, feem ntau yog rau Ossetians.
Crafts ntawm Scythian kev vam meej
Yog tias peb tham txog cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Scythian kev vam meej, ntau qhov kev xav tias nyob rau theem pib ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob lawv tau nyob rau theem pib, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg nomadic. Ntau tus archaeologists inclined ntseeg tias feem ntau ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub sij hawm no tau ua los ntawm Greek craftsmen los yognyuam qhuav yuav los ntawm lawv.
Tsuas yog yav tom ntej, thaum cov pab pawg pib ua lub neej nyob qis dua, lawv pib txhim kho lawv cov txuj ci, tsim cov tshiab. Tau kawg, Greek tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm qee cov khoom, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau tsim lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm.
Yog li ntawd cov neeg Scythians thaum ub ua dab tsi? Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav pom ntawm kev cob qhia (piv txwv li, hauv Kamensky kev sib hais haum), ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lawv tau tsim cov hlau zoo nkauj, kev ua haujlwm hlau, thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cov khoom siv tes ua no tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj. Hauv qhov sib piv, kev xaws, cov tais diav thiab lwm yam tau tsim nyob rau theem ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev.
Yog tias peb tham txog kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm Scythians, tam sim no ntseeg tau tias nws yog lawv thawj zaug pib mine kub ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub Ukraine. Pom tseeb, nws yog qhov no uas tom qab ntawd muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau qhov tseeb tias cov hlau no tau nrov heev thiab muaj kev hwm rau lawv cov kab lis kev cai. Craftsmen ua ntau yam decorations uas tau hnav nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lub cev, thiab sewn rau khaub ncaws.
Hnub no, cov kub ntawm Scythians (cov duab ntawm qee cov khoom qub tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no) yog qhov tshwj xeeb archaeological pom ntawm qhov kev vam meej no, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam.
Gold artifacts of antiquity. Lawv lub ntsiab lus
Kawm txog qhov pom muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov neeg Scythians thaum ub, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias qee cov khoom kub tsis yog tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb rau kev ua koob tsheej. Rau yav tom ntej, ntau yam tshwj xeeb kub hlab ntsha tau siv; los ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov no yog tiaras thiab headdresses. Ntau qhov kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntxiv rau cov khoom siv ritual kuj tau ua (piv txwv li, pob qhov rooj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ritual).
Tsis tas li ntawd, Scythian kub tau siv los kho kom zoo nkauj. Piv txwv li, kub plaques tau nrov, uas tau sewn mus rau khaub ncaws los kho lawv. Hlau hoops (hryvnias) uas tau hnav nyob ib ncig ntawm caj dab kuj muaj rau cov txiv neej. Thaum kawg lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd nrov yog pectorals, uas yog cov caj dab loj uas nqis mus rau lub xub pwg nyom thiab hauv siab.
Tshwj xeeb headdresses tau tsim rau cov poj niam, uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov plaques thiab cov phaj kub. Tsis tas li ntawd feem ntau pom pendants uas tau muab tso rau ntawm lub tuam tsev, thiab ntau yam ntawm cov kauj-toog npab, nplhaib, qhwv ntsej, thiab lwm yam.
Kub khoom qub uas muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no
Hnub no, cov kub pom los ntawm archaeologists nyob rau hauv lub faus mounds khaws cia yog nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej. Cov khoom sau tau sawv cev los ntawm ntau yam kev pom uas tsis muaj nqi tiag tiag (ob qho tib si hauv keeb kwm thiab nyiaj txiag). Txhua daim kub qhia txog kev ua neej ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub.
Piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm cov khoom muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws pom nyob rau hauv mounds ntawm Scythians yog golden pectoral. Qhov no yog kev kho kom zoo nkauj muaj koob muaj npe. Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho zoo nkauj artifact los ntawm "Scythian kub" series. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Kyiv khaws cia. Cov pectoral tau pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Dnepropetrovsk, hauv Tolstaya Mogila barrow.
Lub Hermitage tseem khaws cov duab zoo nkauj los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Scythians - daim duab mos lwj ua los ntawm kub. Nws tau pom ntawmKuban cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv ib lub faus mounds.
Symbolism ntawm Scythian cov khoom kub
Koj tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog cov cim uas tau piav qhia ntawm cov khoom ntawm Scythians thaum ub? Qhov hu ua tsiaj style tau nrov heev hauv lawv cov kab lis kev cai. Nws qhov tsos ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam, uas tam sim no yog kub ntawm cov Scythians (duab hauv qab), muaj ob peb versions.
Piv txwv li, raws li ib qho ntawm lawv, cov duab zoo li no tau pom cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab yog nws cov duab kos duab. Muaj tseeb, qhov version no tseem tsis tau kawm tiav.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav tias qhov style no tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg Scythians xav muab tus tswv ntawm cov khoom nrog cov khoom zoo uas muaj nyob hauv tus tsiaj no lossis tus tsiaj ntawd.
Tab sis ntau qhov pom tau tias cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws thaum ub tau muab lawv cov vajtswv rau hauv cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov style no tau nrov heev ntawm Scythians.
Txawm tias tam sim no, nws cov suab nrov tau khaws cia hauv ntau haiv neeg uas nyob tom qab Scythian kev vam meej. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv tes ua, hauv cov khaub ncaws decorating (ornaments, paj ntaub). Piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm ib tug poj niam, nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm horsemen sawv, yog heev ntau. Nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm Scythians muaj ib tug zoo xws li cov duab, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv lub faus mound ntawm Karagodeuashkh. Nov yog daim phiaj qhia txog tus poj niam deity ncig los ntawm cov neeg caij nees thiab cov neeg sawv ntsug.
Thaj chaw uas cov kab ntawm Scythian kev vam meej tau pom
Raws li qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg Scythians Ameslikasyog cov neeg nomadic, lawv cov cim tau pom nyob hauv ntau thaj chaw. Piv txwv li, muaj koob muaj npe barrow Arzhan, uas belongs rau no ancient kab lis kev cai, tau pom nyob rau hauv Tuva. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hnub nyoog ntawm qhov kev faus no yog siab heev, ntau dua li cov uas pom nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Dnieper. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, qhov kev faus thib ob tau pom tam sim ntawd - Arzhan-2. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws tias cov kub ntawm Scythians tau pom los ntawm archaeologists. Txij li thaum lub faus tau khawb, nrog rau cov khoom tau pom uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov ntxa ntawm cov neeg tuag (cov khaub ncaws nplua nuj, khoom siv, riam phom).
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab ntawm kev vam meej no tau pom nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Kazakhstan, hauv Altai, ze ntawm Yenisei. Tag nrho cov no qhia tias nws yog Ameslikas dav dua li yav dhau los xav. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tseem tsis tau paub qhov twg archaeological nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.
Hnub no, Scythian kub, cov khoom uas muaj ntau heev, yog nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej hauv ntau lub tebchaws.
Legends of Scythian kub
Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub, zoo li txhua yam khoom qub txeeg qub teg, muaj nws cov lus dab neeg. Cov Scythians feem ntau nyob rau hauv awe ntawm no hlau. Nws yog tus personification ntawm lub hnub ci deity, nrog rau lub cim ntawm muaj koob muaj npe hwj chim. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais tias lwm cov hlau tau siv tsawg dua hauv lawv txoj kev vam meej.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Scythians ntseeg tias nws yog kub uas muaj cov khoom siv yees siv. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm peb lub sijhawm pom lawv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub hnav los ntawm cov vajntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Qhov no thiab yuav ua li cas cov khoom tau ua, nws siv rau dab tsi, dab tsinws yog pictured.
Tseem muaj lus dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg no, thiab cov kub ntawm Scythians twb tau hais nyob rau ntawd. Nws hais txog ib tug txiv neej hu ua Targitai, uas muaj peb tug tub. Ua li cas lawv tau pom ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb - plaub lub khoom kub poob saum ntuj los ntawm lawv xub ntiag. Cov no yog lub tais, rab hneev, ploj thiab tus quab. Cov kwv tij txhua tus tau sim kom ze rau cov khoom kub, tab sis txhua zaus cov kub kub tsis txhob tso tseg. Tsuas yog tus thib peb tswj tau ua nws. Ces ob tug tij laug thiaj txais lub cim no, thiab tus yau tau txais lub nceeg vaj tag nrho.
Yog li ntawd, tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Scythian, uas hu ua paralats. Tus tij laug yog cov yawg koob ntawm Avkhats, thiab cov kwv tij nruab nrab yog cov yawg koob ntawm Katiars thiab Trapii. Lub npe ntawm lawv genus yog chipped. Hellenes pib hu lawv Scythians.
Cov lus dab neeg no tau sau los ntawm Greek kws tshawb fawb Herodotus. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tau sau ntau yam xwm txheej keeb kwm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Peb cov neeg kawm ntawv tau kawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm nws cov ntawv.
Lub mounds ntawm cov Scythians kuj shrouded nyob rau hauv paub tsis meej. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb qub txeeg qub teg ntseeg tias cov neeg uas muaj hmoo txaus los nrhiav qee yam tsim nyog yuav raug puas tsuaj. Yog li, piv txwv li, Vasily Bidzilya, tus kws tshawb fawb uas pom lub khob hauv Gaimanov's Grave, tuag lawm. Boris Mozolevsky kuj tuag. Nws muaj hmoo nrhiav tau ib tug golden pectoral. Tau kawg, tsis yog txhua tus koom nrog qhov no nrog cov kev tshawb pom, tab sis ntau tus ua raws li cov qauv no xwb. Muaj kev xav tias Scythian faus mounds zoo ib yam li Egyptian pyramids hauv qhov no.
Tau kawg, ntau tus neeg nyiam tsis yog ntau los ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm txoj kev theem pibkev nplua nuj. Muaj ntau ntau zaj dab neeg txog cov neeg kub no, hais txog lawv cov khoom muaj nqis uas suav tsis txheeb. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, yuav luag txhua lub zos muaj nws tus kheej legends. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Zaporozhye cheeb tsam, muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias ib tug golden nkoj tau muab zais nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov Scythian mounds. Yog tias koj mloog cov lus dab neeg hauv lwm qhov chaw, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov khoom kub ntawm diadems mus rau tag nrho cov tsheb thauj neeg.
Pom tseeb, qhov no tsis yog qhov xwm txheej, vim hais tias, dua, raws li cov lus dab neeg, cov neeg ntawm Scythians yog cov kub nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no.
Crimean kub ntawm Scythians, nrog rau lwm yam khoom ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam
Scythian kub tau tawg nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej. Crimea, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg no, kuj tsis sawv ib sab. Cov tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov ceg av qab teb no muaj cov khoom sau nplua nuj ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub (thiab tsis yog cov khoom kub nkaus xwb). Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom kub, ntau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub hnav los ntawm ob tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab cov neeg zoo tib yam (pob ntseg, bracelets, khoom hauv siab, caj dab, nplhaib, thiab lwm yam).
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, muaj ntau yam khoom siv hauv lub neej niaj hnub, hauv kev tsov rog (riam phom, nkoj, vases, khoom siv kev cai dab qhuas, thiab lwm yam). Muaj ntau yam khoom cuav ntawm kab lis kev cai no nyob rau ntawm ceg av qab teb tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg no nyob ntawm no tau ntev.
Cov kub ntawm Scythians tseem ceeb heev rau cov ceg av qab teb. Crimea yog, zoo li nws tau, txuas ntxiv ntawm cov neeg uas ib zaug nyob ntawm no. Ib qho kev tshawb pom loj yog Kul-Oba barrow,uas nyob ze Kerch. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1830, pom qhov faus nyob rau ntawd, uas yog thawj qhov piv txwv meej ntawm cov neeg Scythians thaum ub zoo li, lawv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab lub neej scenes.
Kev faus ntawm poj huab tais thiab ib tug tub rog loj tau pom nyob rau hauv lub barrow. Cov neeg tuag tau hnav tag nrho thiab tseem dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam jewels (diadem, bracelets, thiab lwm yam). Lub faus tseem tsis tau muab pov tseg, yog li ntawd nws thiaj ua rau nws muaj kev zoo siab heev.
Scythian kub khaws cia hauv Kyiv
Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Cov Khoom Muaj Peev Xwm Keeb Kwm, uas nyob hauv nroog Kyiv, muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb tiag tiag. Qhov no suav nrog cov kub thaum ub ntawm Scythians. Ukraine tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov kev sau no. Ntawm no yog sau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tshwj xeeb hnav thaum ub los ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe.
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom pov thawj nto moo tshaj plaws (raws li tau hais los saum toj no) yog pectoral teej tug los ntawm huab tais huab tais. Cov khoom muaj nqis tshwj xeeb no tau pom hauv Tolstaya Grave barrow.
Txawm tias hauv tsev cia puav pheej koj tuaj yeem pom lwm qhov kho kom zoo nkauj - hryvnia. Nws tau hnav los ntawm cov txiv neej uas tsim nyog nws los ntawm lawv txoj kev ua lossis caj ces.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev khaws puav pheej khaws Gaiman lub tais, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv lub mound ntawm Gaiman lub ntxa. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb hais tias tus sau ua tib zoo qhia lub ntsej muag thiab lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tub rog tau piav qhia rau nws. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom dai ntawm cov khaub ncaws kuj pom tau meej heev.
Xeem exhibition ntawm collection
Qhov kawg exhibition tau nthuav tawm hauv Amsterdam thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2014. Scythian kub tau coj los ntawm tsib lub tsev cia puav pheej:los ntawm ib qho Kyiv, nrog rau plaub uas nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Crimean ceg av qab teb.
Lub rooj nthuav qhia hu ua "Crimea: kub thiab cov zais ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub". Nws tau tuav hauv nroog Amsterdam, hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej. Allard Pearson. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb tau nthuav tawm ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia: pectoral los ntawm Kyiv Tsev khaws puav pheej, Suav lacquer thawv los ntawm Bakhchisaray Reserve, thiab lwm yam.
Yog koj nug koj tus kheej tias tam sim no cov kub Scythian nyob qhov twg, peb tuaj yeem hais tau tias nws tau rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws, tab sis vim muaj xwm txheej nyuaj, qhov no tsis tshwm sim kiag li.
Hnub no qhov xwm txheej nyob ib puag ncig cov khoom qub qub ntawm Scythians
Hnub no, qhov xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau Crimean kub ntawm Scythians yog qhov nyuaj heev, tej zaum txawm tias qhov kawg tuag. Ib feem ntawm qhov sau, uas tom qab qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia yuav tsum rov qab mus rau ceg av qab teb mus rau cov tsev khaws puav pheej, tsuas yog tsis tau muab tam sim ntawd. Cov kub ntawm cov Scythians, uas tau muab tshem tawm ua ntej lub secession ntawm Crimea los ntawm Ukraine, tsuas yog tsis paub yuav ua li cas rov qab qhov twg, txij li thaum ob sab nteg thov rau nws.
Tam sim no muaj lub tsev hais plaub txiav txim siab qhov twg cov khoom pov thawj yuav tsum xa rov qab. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntau ntawm lawv yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm ceg av qab teb, raws li lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv nws thaj chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev xa rov qab mus rau Crimea yog qhov tseeb tias cov tsev khaws puav pheej yog cov neeg khaws khoom tsis tshua muaj, thiab tsis yog lub xeev nws tus kheej.
Yog tias peb tham txog cov kub ntawm Scythians, uas tau rov qab los tom qab kev nthuav qhia, qhov no tsuas yog kaum cuaj yam khoom xwb. Lawv raug coj tawm ntawm Kiev Tsev khaws puav pheej, qhov chaw lawv khaws cia. Qhov seem 565 cov khoom pov thawj, uas yog nyob rau hauv Crimean tsev cia puav pheej, tsis tauxa rov qab.
