Ib qhov paub zoo tshaj plaws thiab kawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov pov thawj paleontological rau evolution yog cov phylogenetic series ntawm niaj hnub ungulates. Ntau qhov kev tshawb pom paleontological thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv hloov pauv tsim cov pov thawj tshawb fawb rau cov koob no. Lub phylogenetic series ntawm nees, piav qhia los ntawm Lavxias teb sab biologist Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky rov qab rau xyoo 1873, tseem niaj hnub no yog "icon" ntawm evolutionary paleontology.
Evolution through the age
Nyob rau hauv evolution, phylogenetic series yog cov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv uas coj mus rau kev tsim cov hom niaj hnub no. Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev sib txuas, cov koob tuaj yeem ua tiav lossis ib nrab, txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv hloov pauv yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau lawv cov lus piav qhia.
Lub phylogenetic series ntawm nees yog suav hais tias yog pov thawj ntawm evolution precisely vim hais tias ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm xws li successive daim ntawv,hloov ib leeg. Qhov ntau ntawm paleontological pom endows nws nrog kev ntseeg siab.
Piv txwv ntawm phylogenetic series
kab nees tsis yog ib qho ntawm cov piv txwv piav qhia. Lub phylogenetic series ntawm whales thiab noog tau kawm zoo thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab. Thiab tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb lub voj voog thiab feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam populist insinuations yog lub phylogenetic series ntawm niaj hnub chimpanzees thiab tib neeg. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog cov kev sib txuas nruab nrab uas ploj lawm ntawm no tsis txo qis hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas ntawm kev pom, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm phylogenetic series ua pov thawj ntawm evolutionary adaptability ntawm cov kab mob mus rau kev hloov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob tseem indisputable.
Txuas kev hloov pauv ntawm nees nrog ib puag ncig
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm paleontologists tau lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm O. V. Kovalevsky txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov pob txha ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm nees nrog kev hloov hauv ib puag ncig. Kev hloov pauv huab cua tau ua rau txo qis hauv thaj chaw hav zoov, thiab cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm niaj hnub ib leeg-toed ungulates yoog raws li kev nyob hauv steppes. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev txav nrawm nrawm ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntiv tes ntawm cov ceg tawv, kev hloov ntawm pob txha thiab cov hniav.
thawj txuas hauv cov saw
Thaum Eocene thaum ntxov, ntau dua 65 lab xyoo dhau los, thawj tus poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov nees niaj hnub nyob. Qhov no yog "tus nees qis" lossis Eohippus, uas yog qhov loj ntawm tus dev (txog 30 cm), tso siab rau tag nrho cov ko taw ntawm ko taw, uas muaj plaub (pem hauv ntej) thiab peb (rov) ntiv tes nrog.me hov. Eohippus pub rau ntawm tua thiab nplooj thiab muaj tuberculate hniav. Cov xim xim av thiab cov plaub hau nyias nyias ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes - xws li cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb ntawm nees thiab nees txaij hauv ntiaj teb.
Intermediates
Kwv yees li 25 lab xyoo dhau los, kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb hloov pauv, thiab steppe nthuav dav pib hloov hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv Miocene (20 lab xyoo dhau los), mesogippus thiab parahippus tshwm, twb zoo ib yam li niaj hnub nees. Thiab thawj cov poj koob yawm txwv herbivorous nyob rau hauv phylogenetic series ntawm nees yog suav hais tias yog merikgippus thiab pliogippus, uas nkag mus rau lub arena ntawm lub neej 2 lab xyoo dhau los. Hipparion - qhov kawg peb ntiv tes txuas
Tus yawg koob no nyob hauv Miocene thiab Pliocene ntawm thaj av North America, Asia thiab Africa. Tus nees peb-toed no, zoo li tus gazelle, tseem tsis tau muaj hooves, tab sis tuaj yeem khiav nrawm, noj nyom, thiab nws yog tus uas tuav thaj chaw loj heev.
ib-toed nees - pliogippus
Cov neeg sawv cev ib-toed no tshwm sim 5 lab xyoo dhau los hauv tib thaj chaw uas yog cov hipparions. Ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob hloov pauv - lawv tau dhau los ua kom qhuav, thiab cov steppes loj hlob zuj zus. Qhov no yog qhov uas ib tus ntiv tes tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj rau kev ciaj sia. Cov nees no tau nce mus txog 1.2 meters siab ntawm lub withers, muaj 19 khub ntawm tav thiab cov leeg nqaij muaj zog. Lawv cov hniav tau ntev crowns thiab folds ntawm enamel nrog ib tug tsim cement txheej.
tus nees peb paub
Tus nees niaj hnub no raws li theem kawg ntawm phylogenetic series tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm Neogene, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub hnub nyoog dej khov kawg (kwv yees li 10 txhiab.xyoo dhau los) ntau lab tus nees qus twb tau muab tso rau hauv Europe thiab Asia. Txawm hais tias kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov thaum ub thiab kev txo qis ntawm pastures ua rau cov nees qus tsis tshua muaj 4 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Tab sis ob ntawm nws cov subspecies - lub tarpan nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub Przewalski tus nees nyob rau hauv Mongolia - tswj tuav ntev npaum li cas ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam.
Nyob qus
Hnub no yeej tsis muaj cov nees qus lawm. Lavxias teb sab tarpan suav hais tias yog ib hom tsiaj uas ploj lawm, thiab Przewalski tus nees tsis tshwm sim lawm. Cov nees ntawm nees uas graze dawb yog cov ntaub ntawv feral domesticated. Cov nees zoo li no, txawm tias sai sai rov qab mus rau lub neej qus, tseem txawv ntawm cov nees qus tiag tiag.
Lawv muaj ntev manes thiab tails, thiab lawv variegated. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tan nees ntawm Przewalski thiab nas tarpans muaj, raws li nws yog, trimmed bangs, manes thiab tails.
Nyob rau hauv Central thiab North America, cov nees qus tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho los ntawm cov neeg Khab thiab tshwm sim muaj tsuas yog tom qab tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg European nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov nees ntawm cov conquistadors tau nce mus rau ntau pab pawg ntawm mustangs, tus naj npawb ntawm tam sim no tswj los ntawm kev tua.
Dhau li ntawm mustangs, muaj ob hom tsiaj qus ponies hauv North America - ntawm Assateague thiab Sable Islands. Semi-wild herds ntawm Camargue nees muaj nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv roob thiab swamps ntawm teb chaws Aas Kiv, koj kuj nrhiav tau ib co qus ponies.
peb nyiam nees
Tus txiv neej tamed tus nees thiab bred ntau tshaj 300 ntawm nws hom. Los ntawm hnyav hnyav mus rau me me ponies thiab zoo nraug haiv neeg yug. Kwv yees li 50 hom ntawm nees yog bred nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Oryol trotter. Tshwj xeeb yog xim dawb, zoo heev lynx thiab agility - cov qualities tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm Count Orlov, uas yog suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm hom no.
