Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los twv seb lub tsom iav raj yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag tsim los soj ntsuam lub cev xilethi-aus. Tseeb tiag, nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog khaws cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tawm los ntawm cov khoom nyob deb thiab coj nws mus rau qhov pom tseeb, qhov twg cov duab loj yog tsim los yog tsim cov teeb liab amplified. Txog niaj hnub no, muaj ntau lub koob yees duab sib txawv - los ntawm tsev, uas leej twg tuaj yeem yuav, mus rau qhov tseeb, xws li Hubble, muaj peev xwm saib ntau lab thiab ntau lab lub teeb xyoo sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb …
keeb kwm me ntsis
Nws feem ntau lees txais tias thawj ob lub lens tsom iav uas tshwm sim hauv 1609 tau tsim los ntawm Galileo Galilei. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog. Ib xyoo dhau los, Dutchman Johann Lippershey xav patent nws lub cuab yeej, uas muaj cov lo ntsiab muag ntxig rau hauv lub raj, uas nws muab lub npe "spyglass", tab sis.raug tsis lees paub vim qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim.
Txawm tias ua ntej, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, astronomer Thomas Digges tau sim soj ntsuam cov hnub qub los ntawm daim iav concave thiab lo ntsiab muag. Muaj tseeb, lub tswv yim yeej tsis tau coj mus rau nws qhov kev txiav txim siab. Galileo nyuam qhuav tshwm sim los ua "thaum lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw": taw tes rau Lippershey raj ntawm lub ntuj, nws nrhiav pom craters thiab roob ntawm lub hli thiab ntau lwm yam nthuav. Yog vim li ntawd nws thiaj suav hais tias yog thawj astronomer siv lub tsom iav raj. Qhov no tau ua rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsom iav tsom iav.
Hom khoom siv kho qhov muag
Optical telescopes tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom raws li hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom uas khaws lub teeb ntawm daim iav, lens thiab daim iav-lens (ua ke) cov khoom siv. Txhua yam ntawm cov khoom no muaj nws tus kheej zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, yog li ntawd, thaum xaiv ib qho kev tsim nyog, ntau yam yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account: cov xwm txheej thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev soj ntsuam, qhov xav tau ntawm qhov ntev, qhov hnyav thiab kev thauj mus los, tus nqi, thiab lwm yam. Cia peb sim nkag siab ntau ntxiv tias lub tsom iav raj yog dab tsi, thiab dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm nws hom nrov tshaj plaws. Yog li cas lub tsom iav raj zoo li?
Refractor lens telescopes
Cov koob yees duab no siv lo ntsiab muag kom zoom, uas khaws lub teeb vim lawv qhov curvature. Ib yam li lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag (lub koob yees duab, lub tshuab tsom, thiab lwm yam), txhua lub lo ntsiab muag tau sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib lub cuab yeej - lub lens.
Tam sim no, refracting telescopes yog siv los ntawm amateurs, raws li lawv tau tsim los rau kev soj ntsuamtsuas yog rau cov ntiaj chaw nyob ze thiab lub hli xwb.
Dignity:
- Tus qauv tsim yooj yim, txhim khu kev qha thiab siv tau yooj yim.
- Tsis muaj kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb.
- Zoo xim rendering hauv apochromatic thiab zoo hauv achromatic.
- Zoo rau kev soj ntsuam binary hnub qub, ntiaj chaw, Lub hli, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv apertures loj.
- Quick thermal stabilization.
- Lub lens tsis xav tau kev hloov kho, vim nws tau hloov kho los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom.
Flaws:
- Piv rau catadioptrics thiab reflectors, lawv muaj tus nqi siab dua rau ib chav tsev ntawm txoj kab uas hla.
- Cov tswv yim loj tshaj plaws aperture txoj kab uas hla yog txwv los ntawm tus nqi thiab bulkiness.
- Vim muaj kev txwv aperture, refractors feem ntau tsis haum rau kev soj ntsuam cov khoom nyob deb, faint.
Daim iav tsom iav tsom iav
Lub tsom iav tsom iav yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag uas daim iav ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb khaws lub teeb. Daim iav tseem ceeb tuaj yeem yog me me (spherical) lossis loj (parabolic).
Dignity:
- Piv rau catadioptrics thiab refractors, tus nqi ib chav tsev aperture txoj kab uas hla yog qis dua.
- Compact thiab yooj yim thauj.
- Vim qhov aperture loj heev, lawv ua haujlwm zoo thaum saib cov khoom nyob deb thiab dim: hnub qub pawg, nebulae, galaxies.
- Tsis muaj chromatic aberration. Cov duab ci ntsa iab nrog me ntsis distortion
Flaws:
- Tshav kub stabilization yuav siv sij hawm vim lub iav iav loj.
- Daim duab no txawv me ntsis vim qhib cov yeeb nkab, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm huab cua sov thiab plua plav.
- Yuav tsum tau hloov daim iav raws sijhawm, uas tej zaum yuav poob thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm lossis kev thauj mus los.
Daim iav-lens, lossis catadioptric
Lub koob yees duab catadioptric yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag uas muaj ntau yam ntawm cov duab distortions tsawg vim yog siv cov iav hauv lawv ua ke nrog cov lo ntsiab muag kho. Vim qhov tseeb tias lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub raj yog reflected ob peb zaug, lub tsom xam yuav ntev. Qee cov qauv muaj peev xwm ntes tau cov duab. Yog tias koj siv lub koob yees duab catadioptric rau lub hom phiaj no, cov duab yuav dhau los ua qhov zoo.
Dignity:
- siab aberration kho.
- Zoo rau kev soj ntsuam ob yam khoom ze zoo li lub hli thiab cov khoom hauv qhov tob tob.
- kaw cov yeeb nkab muab kev tiv thaiv siab tshaj plaws los ntawm plua plav thiab cua sov tam sim no.
- Piv rau cov reflectors thiab refractors nrog sib npaug aperture, qhov loj tshaj compactness yog khaws cia.
- Piv rau lub refractor, tus nqi ntawm cov apertures loj yog qis dua.
Flaws:
- Nyob ntev thermal stabilization.
- Sib npaug aperture raug nqi ntau dua li cov reflectors.
- Kev kho tus kheej yog qhov nyuaj vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim.
Modern space telescopes
Tom tau los ntev heev (los ntawm cov tsom iav ntawm xyoo pua 17th mus rau qhov chaw tsis siv neeg loj), lub tsom iav raj tau qhib lub sijhawm zoo hauv kev kawm txog lub hnub qub. Tab sis muaj ntau yam uas tiv thaiv ib qho, txawm tias muaj zog tshaj hauv av-raws li telescopes, los ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Cov no tuaj yeem suav nrog ob qho tib si flare thiab turbulence, nrog rau cov huab cua tshaj plaws. Orbital chaw nres tsheb hauv qhov no muaj qhov txiaj ntsig zoo, vim lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib puag ncig lub moos, hauv txhua qhov huab cua, xa cov duab tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam me ntsis ntawm huab cua. Ib qhov chaw nres tsheb zoo li no yog Hubble, lub tsom iav qhov chaw. Cov duab thaij los ntawm nws cov optics flawlessly piav txog cov khoom nyob deb tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb, ntau txhiab mais deb, tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb pom cov hnub qub tshiab, ntiaj chaw thiab galaxies.
