Ntawm no tus nyeem ntawv yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog halogens, tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm D. I. Mendeleev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm yuav tso cai rau koj kom paub txog lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab lub cev, qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, txoj kev siv, thiab lwm yam.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Halogens yog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tshuaj ntawm D. I. Mendeleev, uas yog nyob rau hauv pawg kaum xya. Raws li txoj kev sib cais nruj dua, cov no yog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg xya, pawg loj.
Halogens yog cov khoom muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm nrog yuav luag txhua yam khoom ntawm hom yooj yim, tshwj tsis yog qee yam ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog lub zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, raws li txoj cai, lawv yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tov nrog lwm yam tshuaj. Qhov taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm ntawm halogens txo qis nrog nce lawv cov lej lej.
Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no suav tias yog halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine thiab tsim cov khoom tsim tennessine.
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, tag nrho cov halogens yog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov lus hais, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Lub zog sab nraud muaj xya electrons. Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau ua rau tsim cov ionic bonds thiab ntsev. Yuav luag tag nrho cov halogens, tshwj tsis yog cov fluorine, tuaj yeem ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws oxidation lub xeev ntawm +7, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau kom lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus uas muaj qib siab ntawm electronegativity.
Txoj kev ntawm etymology
Xyoo 1841, Swedish chemist J. Berzelius tau thov kom qhia lub sij hawm halogens, xa mus rau lawv lub npe hu ua F, Br, I. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej kev taw qhia ntawm lo lus no cuam tshuam rau tag nrho pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus., xyoo 1811., tus kws tshawb fawb German I. Schweigger hu ua chlorine tib lo lus, lo lus nws tus kheej tau txhais los ntawm Greek li "ntsev".
Atomic qauv thiab oxidation xeev
Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm halogens yog raws li hauv qab no: astatine - 6s26p5, iodine - 5s 25p5, bromine 4s24p5, chlorine – 3s23p5, fluorine 2s22p5.
Halogens yog cov ntsiab lus uas muaj xya lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm lub plhaub hluav taws xob ntawm lub plhaub sab nraud, uas tso cai rau lawv "yooj yim" txuas cov hluav taws xob uas tsis txaus los ua kom tiav lub plhaub. Feem ntau, lub xeev oxidation tshwm li -1. Cl, Br, I thiab At, reacting nrog cov ntsiab lus muaj qib siab dua, pib qhia lub xeev oxidation zoo: +1, +3, +5, +7. Fluorine muaj qhov oxidation tas li ntawm -1.
Kev faib tawm
Raws li nwsReactive halogens feem ntau pom muaj cov khoom sib txuas. Kev faib tawm theem hauv lub ntiaj teb crust txo qis raws li qhov nce hauv atomic vojvoog ntawm F mus rau I. Astatine nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv grams, thiab tennessine yog artificially tsim.
Halogens tshwm sim ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv halide tebchaw, thiab iodine tuaj yeem siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm poov tshuaj lossis sodium iodate. Vim lawv solubility hauv dej, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv dej hiav txwv thiab ib txwm tshwm sim brine. F yog cov neeg sawv cev tsis zoo ntawm halogens thiab feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb sedimentary, thiab nws qhov chaw tseem ceeb yog calcium fluoride.
Lub cev zoo yam ntxwv
Halogens tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib leeg, thiab lawv muaj cov khoom hauv qab no:
- Fluorine (F2) yog lub teeb daj daj nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab thiab khaus khaus thiab tsis compressed nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Cov ntsiab lus melting yog -220 ° C, thiab kub taw tes yog -188 ° C.
- Chlorine (Cl2) yog cov pa roj uas tsis ntim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov siab, muaj qhov ua tsis taus pa, pungent tsw thiab xim ntsuab-daj. Nws pib yaj ntawm -101 ° C, thiab boil ntawm -34 ° C.
- Bromine (Br2) yog cov kua dej tsis muaj zog thiab hnyav nrog cov xim xim av thiab cov ntxhiab tsw qab. Melting ntawm -7 ° C thiab boils ntawm 58 ° C.
- Iodine (I2) - Cov khoom siv no muaj xim grey tsaus, thiab nws muaj xim hlau nplaum, tsw qab heev. Cov txheej txheem melting pib ntawmncav cuag 113.5 ° C, thiab boils ntawm 184.885 ° C.
- Ib yam tsis tshua muaj halogen yog astatine (Ntawm 2), uas yog ib qho khoom thiab muaj xim dub-xiav nrog cov xim hlau. Lub melting point sib haum mus rau 244 ° C, thiab boiling pib tom qab ncav cuag 309 ° C.
Tshuaj xwm ntawm halogens
Halogens yog cov ntsiab lus uas muaj oxidizing siab heev, uas tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm F mus rau ntawm. Fluorine, ua tus sawv cev tshaj plaws ntawm halogens, tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog txhua hom hlau, tsis suav nrog cov neeg paub. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hlau, nkag mus rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm fluorine, raug rau nws tus kheej ignition, thaum tso cua sov nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau.
Yog tsis muaj fluorine rau cua sov, nws tuaj yeem hnov ntau ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau, xws li H2, C, P, S, Si. Hom kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog exothermic thiab tej zaum yuav nrog ib tug tawg. Thaum rhuab, F yuam cov halogens ntxiv rau oxidize, thiab thaum raug hluav taws xob, lub caij no muaj peev xwm ua kom tag nrho cov pa hnyav ntawm qhov tsis zoo.
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj ntawm hom complex, fluorine ua rau muaj zog heev, piv txwv li, los ntawm oxidizing dej, nws tuaj yeem ua rau tawg.
Chlorine kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb. Nws qib kev ua haujlwm tsawg dua li ntawm fluorine, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm ua rau yuav luag txhua yam yooj yim, tab sis nitrogen, oxygen thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsis hnov mob nrog nws. Kev cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen, thaum cua sov lossis hauv qhov kaj zoo, chlorine tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav, nrog rau kev tawg.
Ntxiv thiab hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, Cl tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog ntau cov tshuaj ntawm hom complex. Muaj peev xwm tshem tau Br thiab kuv los ntawm cua sov los ntawm cov tebchaw tsim los ntawm lawv nrog hlau lossis hydrogen, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj alkaline.
Bromine yog tshuaj lom neeg tsawg dua li cov tshuaj chlorine lossis fluorine, tab sis tseem pom nws tus kheej ci ntsa iab heev. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias bromine Br feem ntau yog siv raws li ib tug kua, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev no tus thawj degree ntawm concentration, nyob rau hauv lwm yam zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob, yog siab tshaj Cl. Siv dav hauv chemistry, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov organic. Yuav yaj hauv H2O thiab qee qhov cuam tshuam nrog nws.
Halogen keeb iodine tsim cov tshuaj yooj yim I2 thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau H2O, yaj hauv cov tshuaj iodide, tsim thaum complex anions. Kuv txawv ntawm halogens feem ntau nyob rau hauv uas nws tsis hnov mob nrog feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab maj mam reacts nrog hlau, thaum nws yuav tsum tau rhuab. Nws reacts nrog hydrogen tsuas yog thaum raug cua sov, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog endothermic.
Tsis tshua muaj halogen astatine (At) tsis tshua muaj zog dua li iodine, tab sis tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog hlau. Dissociation ua ob qho tib si anions thiab cations.
Applications
Halogen compounds tau siv dav los ntawm tus txiv neej hauv ntau qhov chaw. ntuj cryolite(Na3AlF6) yog siv kom tau Al. Bromine thiab iodine feem ntau yog siv los ua cov tshuaj yooj yim los ntawm cov tuam txhab tshuaj thiab tshuaj. Halogens feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv tshuab. Lub teeb taub hau yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntawd. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv ntawm lub tsheb no, vim tias lub teeb taws teeb pom kev thaum hmo ntuj thiab yog ib txoj hauv kev los xyuas koj thiab lwm tus neeg tsav tsheb. Xenon yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim lub teeb taub hau. Halogen, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo rau qhov tsis zoo no.
Ib halogen zoo yog fluorine, ib qho ntxiv siv dav hauv cov tshuaj txhuam hniav. Nws pab tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob hniav - caries.
Lub ntsiab lus halogen xws li tshuaj chlorine (Cl) pom nws siv hauv kev tsim HCl, feem ntau siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov organic xws li yas, roj hmab, hluavtaws fibers, dyes thiab cov kuab tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. chlorine yog siv los ua tshuaj bleach rau linen, paj rwb, ntawv, thiab ua cov kab mob tua kab mob hauv cov dej haus.
Nco ntsoov! Toxic
Vim lawv cov kev ua haujlwm siab heev, halogens raug hu ua tshuaj lom. Kev muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tshaj tawm hauv fluorine. Halogens tau tshaj tawm cov khoom asphyxiant thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg puas thaum sib cuam tshuam.
Fluorine hauv vapors thiab aerosols yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj peev xwm tshaj plawsCov ntaub ntawv txaus ntshai ntawm halogens uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau cov tsiaj nyob ib puag ncig. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws tsis pom zoo los ntawm kev hnov tsw tsw thiab hnov tsuas yog tom qab ncav cuag siab concentration.
Raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, halogens yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus ntu ntu ntawm Mendeleev, lawv muaj ntau yam khoom, sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj zoo, atomic qauv, oxidation xeev thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.. Hauv kev lag luam, lawv tau siv ntau txoj hauv kev, xws li los ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv hauv cov khoom tu tus kheej mus rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj organic lossis tshuaj dawb. Txawm hais tias xenon yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tswj thiab tsim lub teeb hauv lub teeb hauv lub tsheb, halogen tseem yuav luag zoo li xenon thiab tseem siv dav thiab muaj qhov zoo.
Tam sim no koj paub tias halogen yog dab tsi. Lub scanword nrog rau cov lus nug txog cov tshuaj no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau koj lawm.
