Tus kws qhia ntawv xav tau dab tsi los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, thov kom muaj kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv nyeem? Txoj kev npaj rau txoj haujlwm no suav nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus, uas peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no. Kev ua hauj lwm yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub keeb kwm tseeb nyob rau hauv uas cov hauj lwm tau tsim, cov cim thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov cim (ob lub ntsiab thiab theem nrab), cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.
Cov ntsiab lus
Tus sau txoj haujlwm koj tab tom tshawb fawb yog ib tus neeg zoo tib yam uas muaj nyob rau qee lub sijhawm keeb kwm. Teeb meem hauv pej xeem lub neej, kev nruj kev tsiv, kev paub ntawm tus kheej tawm hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov haujlwm uas nws luam tawm. Kawm txog dab tsi cuam tshuam rau kev sau phau ntawv, thiab yog tias koj ua tau, nrhiav kev sib piv ntawm cov dab neeg thiab cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov no yuav tsim thawj kab lus ntawm txoj kev npaj rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Ntau zaus, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cim nthuav tawm tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws thiab txawv teb chaws: kev tsov kev rog thiab thoob ntiaj teb, kev tawm tsam, kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam, kev coj ua kev cai lij choj loj. Muaj cov phenomena tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem: drought thiab tom qab kev tshaib kev nqhis, dab noj hnub,uas lub cim lub ntsiab lus raug ntaus nqi, dej nyab ntawm thaj chaw.
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb
Qhia txog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm daim. Cov lus uas tus sau xav qhia rau tus nyeem yog dab tsi? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj dab neeg nyob ib puag ncig yog dab tsi? Qhia seb tus kws sau ntawv teeb tsa theem rau cov ntsiab lus li cas.
Thaum ua ib qho kev npaj rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv nyeem, ua tib zoo mloog cov ntsiab lus uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm. Raws li lawv, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim qhia cov dab neeg, cov teeb meem ntse thiab debatable. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav ua rau koj txoj haujlwm yooj yim dua. "Kev khaws cov lus" feem ntau yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thaum koj nkag siab lub ntsiab lus, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem hais nws siv hom lus. Cov txuj ci no tsuas yog los nrog kev paub dhau los.
hom lus
Tus neeg sau ntawv txhais tau li cas los qhia nws txoj kev xav? Tej zaum nws siv hom lus piav qhia: koj ua raws li kev ua ntawm cov cim, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas lus hauv ntau qhov chaw. Qee lub sij hawm, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mloog hloov mus rau "kev teeb tsa" thiab cov ntawv - tus kws sau ntawv qhia meej cov ntsiab lus, siv cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom los tsim cov duab tiag tiag, lus "kos" hauv kev xav ntawm tus neeg tuav phau ntawv.
hom nyuaj tshaj plaws los tshuaj xyuas yog kev xav, uas tau muab cov lus sib cav, qee qhov kev xav ntawm tus sau yog tiv thaiv, uas yuav txawv ntawm koj li. Kev sau ntawv ua haujlwm raws li txoj haujlwm no tuaj yeem yog qhov kev sim tiag tiag yog tias koj tsis pom zoo nrogcov lus hais qhia. Thiab qee zaum nws nyuaj heev los nrhiav koj cov lus sib cav.
Style
Kev sib tham style feem ntau yog siv thaum piav txog kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov cim. Yog hais tias cov cim nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem tsis tau kawm ntawv, mus rau peasantry, thiab lwm yam, ces tus sau yuav txawm siv cov lus txo thiab rude; Yog hais tias aristocrats los yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam "lub voj voog siab" sib txuas lus, ces nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem lawv feem ntau muaj lo lus lofty. Qhov no yog tsim nyog sau cia nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem (lub tswv yim muab rau kev tsom xam ntawm cov style siv).
Cov ntawv nyeem kuj tseem suav nrog kev kos duab lossis kev sau xov xwm - hom lus ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm thiab lwm yam khoom siv sijhawm. Kuj tseem muaj ib hom kev hais lus siv hauv kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ua lag luam. Qhov style no hu ua kev lag luam.
Kev coj cwj pwm ntawm tus phab ej
Saib seb cov cim ua li cas thiab hais. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog dab tsi? Vim li cas lawv tau qhia los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv rau hauv cov lus piav qhia, suav nrog hauv tus sau txoj kev npaj? Kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lawv cov dej num. "Dab tsi yog qhov zoo thiab qhov phem?" - Qhov no yog qhov tseeb, qhov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb heev. Txawm li cas los xij, koj, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, tsawg kawg yuav tsum sim teb nws siv cov lus sib cav thiab cov piv txwv ntawm phau ntawv.
Tus Sau Cov Nta
Nco ntsoov cov duab ntawm kev hais lus, kev kos duab thiab cov qauv tsim dab tsi txawv qhov kev tsim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv xaiv los ntawm ntau lwm tus? Dab tsi lexical units nws siv ntau dua li lwm tus? Koj tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog kev cai lij chojmorphology, syntax, phonetics? Nws yog cov ntsiab lus no uas thaum kawg tsim ib daim duab tiav ntawm kev sau ntawv classic.
Artistic media
Yuav ua li cas koj pom hauv cov ntawv nyeem? Qhov twg ntawm lawv siv ntau dua li lwm tus? Cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum tsis muaj teeb meem raug tshem tawm hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntawv sau prose. Koj tus kws qhia tau qhia koj lub ntsiab lus no thiab yuav zoo siab pom koj siv yam koj tau kawm.
Tej zaum tus sau feem ntau yog ironic lossis txawv ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov cim? Qhov no muaj tseeb ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv. Hauv particular, tej hauj lwm ntawm Bernard Shaw los yog Mark Twain yog txawv los ntawm cov nplua nuj ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Cov kws sau ntawv Lavxias kuj nyiam tso dag: Pushkin, thiab Gogol, thiab txawm Mayakovsky - tom qab nyeem lawv cov kev tsim, koj yuav pom tseeb tias lawv tham txog dab tsi.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov lus qhia, piv txwv, hyperbole thiab litotes - koj yuav tsum paub tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Tag nrho cov cuab yeej no feem ntau siv, piv txwv li, thaum piav qhia txog xwm txheej lossis ntsuas los ntawm qee cov cim kev ua thiab cov cim ntawm lwm tus.
Ib daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum suav nrog kev tsom xam kom zoo ntawm cov khoom siv phonotactic thiab kev sib dhos yog tias koj ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv sau ua paj huam. Paj huam, epigrams, ballads, nkauj - txhua yam ntawm no muaj cov yam ntxwv uas yuav tsum tau qhia meej meej. Txwv tsis pub, tus kws qhia ntawv yuav txo koj qib.
Kev ua tiav
Tig mus rau qhov xaus ntawm txoj haujlwm, nyob rau hauv nqe lus kawg ntawm cov ntawv txheeb xyuas, kev npajlos kawm txog dab tsi taug txoj haujlwm uas koj xaiv tau tso tseg hauv keeb kwm. Tej zaum peb yuav tsum tham tsis yog hais txog ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog tus kws sau ntawv: dab tsi ntawm nws cov haujlwm tuaj yeem hais nrog nrog cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas?
Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb npaum li cas thaum ntawd, yav dhau los, thiab tam sim no? Tsis yog ib qho haujlwm uas suav nrog hauv chav kawm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm lub sijhawm. Sim ua kom npog lub ncauj lus no.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, cov ntawv txheeb xyuas cov phiaj xwm tau tham hauv kab lus no muaj yuav luag kaum lub ntsiab lus, txhua qhov yuav tsum tau them rau hauv koj txoj haujlwm.
Yog tias koj ua txhua yam raws li cov lus pom zoo uas tau nthuav tawm, tus kws qhia yuav txaus siab thiab muab qhov cim zoo rau koj. Tau kawg, ntau nyob ntawm qhov tob thiab qhov zoo ntawm koj qhov kev xav thiab kev sib cav, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv uas cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov lus nug ntawm kev txaus siab rau tus kws qhia ntawv yuav ntxiv ib qho ntxiv rau koj lub cim.
