Aniline yog cov organic. Nws thawj zaug tau txais nyob rau hauv 1826. Lwm lub npe yog phenylamine, aminobenzene. Lub npe "aniline" los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov nroj tsuag "indigofera anil", uas muaj indigo. Yav dhau los, phenylamine tau tsim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov tshuaj no. Xav txog cov khoom thiab kev siv ntawm aniline.
Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws aromatic amines. Nws cov mis yog C6H5NH2.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm aniline
tshuaj lom uas nws cov vapors yog tshuaj lom. Nws yog oily kua uas tsis muaj xim. Cov ntxhiab tsw tsis muaj zog, yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom no. Thaum ignited, nplaim taws ci, haus luam yeeb.
Ib nrab soluble hauv dej (solubility 6.4% ntawm boiling point). Mineralized dej txo nws cov solubility, tshwj tsis yog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lithium thiab cesium bromides, nrog rau cesium iodide. Qhov kawg, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce lub solubility ntawm aniline.
Thaum khaws cia, cov khoom tsaus ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum raug huab cua thiab lub teeb. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj kuab heev. Txwv tsis pub, cov txheej txheem no hu ua "autoxidation". Oxidation tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb nrog kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidants - oxalic acid, sodium hydro- thiab sodium thiosulfate.
Cov hauv qab no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm aniline ntawm qhov qub atmospheric siab:
- boiling point - 184.4 °C;
- melting / khov point rho tawm 5.89 ° C;
- ntom ntawm 20 ° C - 1.02 g / cm3;
- pib qhov kub ntawm huab cua - 562 ° C;
- flash point hauv huab cua - 79 °C.
Main applications of aniline
Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov tshuaj yog tsuas yog siv rau cov synthesis ntawm dyes thiab tshuaj, nyob rau hauv textile thiab tshuaj industries. Nrog kev pab los ntawm aniline, kev npaj ntawm sulfa pawg tau txais cov tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab cov piam thaj hloov pauv kuj tau tsim.
Muaj lwm yam siv rau anioline. Hauv chemistry, nws yog siv los tsim hydroquinone, ib yam khoom siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce, feem ntau hauv cov khoom siv tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv yog siv los tsim cov khoom tawg, nplaum, sealants.
Aniline qeeb qeeb ntawm corrosion ntawm hlau: nws cov phosphates tau ntxiv rau cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov electrolytes muaj zog, vim tias qhov corrosion ntawm carbon steel yog inhibited.
Aniline kuj tseem siv los ua kom cov khoom tiv thaiv ntawm cov roj (tsheb, foob pob hluav taws, aviation). Tus naj npawb octane ntawm cov roj av nrog ib feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm aniline nce los ntawm 3 units lossis ntau dua. Tab sis nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, lawv sim tsis siv cov khoom, txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntev cia cov roj av zoo nrog aniline txo, nrog rau cov toxicity ntawm nws gases. Derivatives feem ntau yog siv. ATib tug xov tooj ntawm Western lub teb chaws muaj kev txwv rau kev siv ntawm aniline nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj.
Nyob thoob ntiaj teb, feem ntau ntawm cov aniline tsim yog siv los tsim cov polyurethanes, nrog rau cov roj hmab hluavtaws, pleev xim, tswj cov nroj tsuag.
Aniline dyes
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm aniline yog thiab tseem yog qhov tsim cov dyes. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm oxidizing aniline thiab nws cov ntsev.
Thaum pib, cov xim aniline tau tsim tsuas yog hauv cov hmoov hmoov. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, kho thiab remaking tej yam los ntawm lawv cov xim. Tab sis cov khoom dyed sai sai ploj thaum raug tshav ntuj, cov xim raug ntxuav tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntxuav. Tam sim no, aniline dyes kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, thiab qee lub tuam txhab tsim cov kev daws teeb meem, uas, tsis zoo li cov hmoov, tsis tas yuav tsum tau npaj cov ntaub tshwj xeeb. Tab sis, txawm tias muaj kev vam meej thiab txhim kho hauv cov xim, cov ntaub dyed nrog lawv tseem sai sai ploj hauv lub hnub.
Aniline toxicity
Aniline yog tshuaj lom. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau poob siab, thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, nws ua rau oxygen tshaib plab ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev hauv daim ntawv ntawm vapors, thiab tseem nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov mucous membranes.
Tam sim no kev lom aniline tsis tshua muaj. Cov tshuaj no yog qhov txaus ntshai feem ntau rau cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog nws. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob nkag mus rau cov tshuaj lom hauv lub cev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov qauv tsimkev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg. Thaum pleev xim rau hauv tsev nrog aniline dyes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hmoov, koj yuav tsum tau kom lawv nyob deb ntawm cov menyuam yaus, ua kom cua nkag mus rau hauv chav uas dyeing ua tiav, tsis txhob nqos cov khoom, yog tias nws nkag mus rau ntawm lub cev, ntxuav tam sim ntawd. tawm nrog dej thiab stain nrog hnab looj tes. Yog tias aniline nqos tau yuam kev, nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim.
