Txhua yam tshuaj ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab nyuaj tsim los ntawm nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, thiab ntau yam ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg lub neej thiab kev muaj sia nyob. Cov tshuaj tin yog tsis muaj kev zam.
Tib neeg paub txog cov hlau no rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Cov khoom siv tshuaj no tau ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv kev txhim kho tib neeg kev vam meej, thiab txog niaj hnub no, cov khoom ntawm tin tau dav siv.
Tin in history
Thawj qhov hais txog ntawm cov hlau no, uas, raws li tib neeg ntseeg ua ntej, txawm tias muaj qee yam khoom siv dag zog, tuaj yeem pom hauv phau Vajlugkub. Tin tau ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv kev txhim kho lub neej thaum lub hnub nyoog Bronze. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov hlau uas muaj zog tshaj plaws uas tus neeg muaj yog tooj liab, uas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj tin rau tooj liab. Tau ntau pua xyoo, txhua yam tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no, los ntawm cov cuab yeej mus rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm cov khoom ntawm hlau, tin alloy tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv, ntawm chav kawm, nws tsis yog siv rau tib lub teev, tab sis tooj liab, nrog rau ntau yam ntawm nws lwm yam alloys, yog nquag siv. koom nrogniaj hnub no ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, technology thiab tshuaj, nrog rau cov ntsev ntawm no hlau, xws li tin chloride, uas yog tau los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tin nrog chlorine, cov kua no boils ntawm 112 degrees Celsius, dissolves zoo nyob rau hauv dej, ua crystalline hydrates thiab haus luam yeeb hauv huab cua.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm teem caij
Cov tshuaj lom neeg tin (lub npe Latin stannum - "stannum", sau nrog lub cim Sn) Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev raug muab tso rau ntawm tus lej tsib caug, hauv lub sijhawm thib tsib. Nws muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm isotopes, feem ntau cov isotope 120. Cov hlau no kuj yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab subgroup ntawm lub thib rau pab pawg neeg, nrog rau carbon, silicon, germanium thiab flerovium. Nws qhov chaw kwv yees cov khoom amphoteric, tin muaj qhov sib npaug acidic thiab cov yam ntxwv yooj yim, uas yuav tau piav qhia hauv qab no.
Lub sij hawm ncua sij hawm kuj qhia tau hais tias cov atomic loj ntawm tin, uas yog 118.69. Cov hluav taws xob configuration yog 5s25p2, uas Cov tshuaj complex tso cai rau cov hlau los nthuav tawm oxidation xeev +2 thiab +4, muab ob lub electrons tsuas yog los ntawm p-sublevel, los yog plaub los ntawm s- thiab p-, ua kom tag nrho cov txheej txheej.
Electronic yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsiab
Raws li tus lej atomic, qhov chaw ncig ntawm lub tin atom muaj ntau li tsib caug electrons, lawv nyob ntawm tsib theem, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm sublevels. Thawj ob muaj tsuas yog s- thiab p-sublevels, thiab pib los ntawm qhov thib peb, muaj triple splittingrau s-, p-, d-.
Cia peb xav txog qib hluav taws xob sab nraud, vim nws yog nws cov qauv thiab sau nrog cov hluav taws xob uas txiav txim siab cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub atom. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev unexcited, lub ntsiab qhia ib tug valence sib npaug zos rau ob; raws li excitation, ib tug electron hla los ntawm lub s-sublevel mus rau ib tug nyob rau hauv lub p-sublevel (nws muaj peev xwm muaj ib tug ntau ntawm peb unpaired electrons). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tin exhibits valency thiab oxidation xeev - 4, vim hais tias tsis muaj khub electrons, uas txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi tuav lawv nyob rau hauv lub sublevels nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tshuaj sib cuam tshuam.
Yooj yim tshuaj hlau thiab nws cov khoom
Cov khoom yooj yim tin yog cov xim nyiaj xim hlau, belongs rau pawg fusible. Cov hlau yog mos thiab kuj yooj yim rau deform. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta muaj nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug hlau li tin. Qhov ntsuas kub qis dua 13.2 degrees Celsius yog ciam teb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv ntawm cov tin rau hmoov, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev hloov xim ntawm nyiaj-dawb mus rau grey thiab txo qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom. Tin melts ntawm 231.9 degrees thiab boils ntawm 2270 degrees Celsius. Cov qauv crystalline tetragonal ntawm cov tin dawb piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov hlau thaum nws khoov thiab rhuab ntawm qhov taw tes ntawm inflection los ntawm rubbing cov crystals ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib leeg. Grey tin muaj lub cubic syngony.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm cov tin muaj ob lub ntsiab lus, nws nkag mus rau hauv ob qho tib si acidic thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim, qhia txog amphoterism. Cov hlau cuam tshuam nrog alkalis, nrog rau cov kua qaub, xws li sulfuric thiabnitric, yog nquag thaum reacting nrog halogens.
Tin alloys
Vim li cas lawv cov alloys nrog qee feem pua ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau siv ntau dua los ntawm cov hlau ntshiab? Qhov tseeb yog tias cov hlau muaj cov khoom uas ib tus neeg hlau tsis muaj, lossis cov khoom no muaj zog dua (piv txwv li, hluav taws xob conductivity, corrosion resistance, passivation lossis ua kom lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, yog tias tsim nyog, thiab lwm yam).. Tin (daim duab qhia ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov hlau ntshiab) yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov alloys. Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv lossis cov khoom siv hauv paus.
Hnub no, ntau cov hlau alloys xws li cov hlau tin tau paub (tus nqi rau lawv txawv ntau), cia peb xav txog cov nyiam tshaj plaws thiab siv tau (kev siv qee cov alloys yuav tau tham hauv seem tsim nyog). Feem ntau, stannum alloys muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: siab ductility, qis melting point, tsis tshua muaj hardness thiab lub zog.
Qee yam piv txwv ntawm alloys
- Ib alloy ntawm tin thiab txhuas nrog ib co alloying additives (antimony, tooj liab, cadmium, zinc, silver, indium) yog lub thiaj li hu ua tin rau soldering, feem pua ntawm stannum nyob rau hauv nws yuav tsum yog 49-51 los yog 59. -61 feem pua. Lub zog ntawm daim ntawv cog lus kom ntseeg tau tias cov tin tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem nrog cov hlau sib txuas.
- Garth yog ib qho hlau ntawm tin, txhuas thiabantimony yog lub hauv paus ntawm luam ntawv number case (uas yog vim li cas nws tsis pom zoo kom qhwv cov zaub mov hauv cov ntawv xov xwm kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov hlau no).
- Babbit - ib qho hlau ntawm tin, txhuas, tooj liab thiab antimony - yog yam ntxwv los ntawm kev sib txhuam qis, siab hnav tsis kam.
- Indium-tin alloy yog cov khoom siv qis, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm refractoriness, corrosion kuj thiab lub zog tseem ceeb.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws natural compounds
Tin forms ib tug xov tooj ntawm natural compounds - ores. Cov hlau ua 24 cov ntxhia sib txuas, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam yog tin oxide - cassiterite, nrog rau cov ncej - Cu2FeSnS4. Tin yog tawg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, thiab cov tebchaw tsim los ntawm nws yog ntawm magnetic keeb kwm. Kev lag luam kuj siv polyol ntsev thiab tin silicates.
Tin thiab tib neeg lub cev
Cov tshuaj tin yog microelement raws li nws cov ntsiab lus ntau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nws lub ntsiab tsub zuj zuj yog nyob rau hauv cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, qhov twg cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau ua rau nws txoj kev loj hlob raws sij hawm thiab tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm musculoskeletal system. Ntxiv nrog rau cov pob txha, tin yog concentrated hauv plab hnyuv, ntsws, ob lub raum thiab lub plawv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ntau dhau ntawm cov hlau no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev lom zem ntawm lub cev, thiab kev raug mob ntev dua tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tsis zoo. Tsis ntev los no, qhov teeb meem no tseem ceeb heev, txij li lub xeev ecological ntawm ib puag ncigIb puag ncig tawm ntau yam xav tau. Muaj ntau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tin intoxication ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv megacities thiab cov cheeb tsam ze ze ntawm thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam. Feem ntau, kev lom tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov ntsev ntsev hauv lub ntsws, piv txwv li, xws li tin chloride thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tsis txaus micronutrient tuaj yeem ua rau kev loj hlob qeeb, hnov lus tsis zoo thiab plaub hau poob.
Daim ntawv thov
Hlau yog muag los ntawm ntau lub smelters thiab tuam txhab. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ingots, rods, xov hlau, thooj voos kheej kheej, anodes ua los ntawm ib tug ntshiab yam khoom xws li tin. Tus nqi ntawm 900 txog 3000 rubles ib kg.
Ntshiab tin tsis tshua siv. Nws cov alloys thiab cov tebchaw feem ntau yog siv - ntsev. Soldering tin yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm fastening qhov chaw uas tsis raug kub thiab muaj zog mechanical loads, ua los ntawm tooj liab alloys, steel, tooj liab, tab sis tsis pom zoo rau cov uas ua los ntawm txhuas los yog nws alloys. Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tin alloys tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv nqe lus.
Solders yog siv rau soldering microcircuits, nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no alloys raws li ib tug hlau xws li tin kuj zoo tagnrho. Daim duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov tin-lead alloy. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm zoo heev.
Vim qhov ua haujlwm siab ntawm tin rau corrosion, nws yog siv los ua tinned hlau (tinplate) - cov kaus poom rau cov khoom noj. Hauv tshuaj, tshwj xeeb hauv kev kho hniav, tin yog siv rauua kev kho hniav. Cov kav dej hauv tsev yog them nrog tin, bearings yog ua los ntawm nws cov alloys. Kev koom tes ntawm cov khoom no rau hluav taws xob engineering kuj tseem muaj nqis.
Aqueous daws ntawm tin ntsev xws li fluoroborates, sulfates, thiab chlorides yog siv los ua electrolytes. Tin oxide yog glaze rau ceramics. Los ntawm kev qhia ntau yam tin derivatives rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yas thiab hluavtaws, nws zoo li yuav txo tau lawv cov nplaim taws thiab emission ntawm cov pa phem.
