Hnub no peb yuav tham txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswvyim xws li "kev puas tsuaj ultraviolet": vim li cas qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tshwm sim thiab seb puas muaj txoj hauv kev los daws nws.
Classical physics
Ua ntej qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm quantum, lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntuj tau los ntawm classical physics. Tau kawg, kev lej yeej ib txwm suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, algebra thiab geometry feem ntau yog siv los ua kev tshawb fawb. Classical physics tshawb nrhiav seb lub cev coj li cas thaum cua sov, nthuav dav, thiab ntaus. Nws piav qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog ntawm kinetic mus rau sab hauv, tham txog cov ntsiab lus xws li kev ua haujlwm thiab lub zog. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no uas cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas lub ultraviolet kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv physics tshwm sim.
Thaum qee lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tau kawm zoo heev uas zoo li tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv los nrhiav pom! Nws tau txais mus rau lub ntsiab lus uas cov tub ntxhais hluas txawj ntse tau qhia kom mus rau lej lossis biologists, vim tias kev sib tw ua tau tsuas yog hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis kev puas tsuaj ultraviolet thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev xyaum nrog kev tshawb xav tau ua pov thawj qhov kev poob ntawm cov tswv yim no.
tshav kub kub
Classical physics thiab paradoxes tsis raug tshem tawm. Piv txwv li, thermal tawg yog lub quanta ntawm electromagnetic teb uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv rhuab lub cev. Lub zog sab hauv hloov mus rau hauv lub teeb. Raws li classical physics, hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev rhuab yog ib tug nruam spectrum, thiab nws qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias: qhov qis dua tus pas ntsuas kub nyeem ntawv, "redder" lub teeb hnyav tshaj plaws. Tam sim no peb yuav ncaj qha mus rau qhov hu ua kev puas tsuaj ultraviolet.
Terminator thiab thermal tawg
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog cua sov thiab cov hlau molten. Terminator films feem ntau muaj cov chaw tsim khoom. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thib ob ntawm lub epic, lub tshuab hlau plunges rau hauv da dej ntawm gurgling cam khwb cia hlau. Thiab lub pas dej no liab. Yog li, qhov ntxoov ntxoo no sib haum mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws hluav taws xob ntawm cam khwb cia hlau nrog rau qee qhov kub. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus nqi zoo li no tsis yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov ua tau, vim tias cov photon liab muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws wavelength. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov: kua hlau radiates lub zog nyob rau hauv lub infrared, thiab nyob rau hauv lub pom, thiab nyob rau hauv lub ultraviolet cheeb tsam. Tsuas muaj ob peb photons uas tsis yog liab.
lub cev dub zoo meej
Kom tau txais lub zog spectral ntom ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lub cev dub yog siv. Lo lus suab txaus ntshai, tab sis qhov tseeb nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv physics thiab tsis tshua muaj qhov tseeb. Yog li, lub cev dub tag nrho yog ib yam khoom uas tsis "tso" cov khoom uas tau poob rau nws.photons. Ntxiv mus, nws cov xim (spectrum) nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Ib tug ntxhib approximation ntawm ib tug tag nrho lub cev dub yuav yog ib lub voos xwmfab, nyob rau hauv ib sab ntawm uas muaj ib lub qhov tsawg tshaj li kaum feem pua ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm tag nrho cov duab. Piv txwv li: qhov rais hauv cov tsev ntawm cov tsev siab zoo tib yam. Vim li ntawd lawv thiaj li dub.
Rayleigh-Jeans
Cov qauv no piav qhia txog cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev dub, raws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau classical physics:
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u(ω, T)=kTω2/π2c3, qhov twg
u tsuas yog qhov spectral ntom ntawm lub zog luminosity, ω yog qhov hluav taws xob zaus, kT yog lub zog vibration.
Yog hais tias lub wavelengths loj, ces qhov tseem ceeb yog plausible thiab pom zoo nrog kev sim. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum peb hla txoj kab ntawm pom hluav taws xob thiab nkag mus rau thaj tsam ultraviolet ntawm electromagnetic spectrum, lub zog ncav cuag qhov tseem ceeb tsis txaus ntseeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum sib koom ua ke cov mis ntau zaus los ntawm xoom mus rau infinity, tus nqi infinite tau txais! Qhov tseeb no nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas tsuaj ultraviolet: yog tias qee lub cev tau cua sov txaus, nws lub zog yuav txaus los rhuav tshem lub ntiaj teb.
Planck thiab nws quantum
Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sim ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig qhov tsis zoo no. Ib qho kev tawg ua rau kev tshawb fawb tawm ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, yuav luag intuitive kauj ruam mus rau qhov tsis paub. Planck qhov kev xav tau pab kov yeej qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev puas tsuaj ultraviolet. Planck's formula for the zaus faib ntawm lub cev dub hluav taws xob muaj lub tswv yim"quantum". Tus kws tshawb fawb nws tus kheej txhais tias nws yog ib qho me me ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Tam sim no ib qho quantum yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tsis pom ntawm qee lub cev.
Qutas tuaj ntau hom:
- electromagnetic teb (photon, suav nrog hauv zaj sawv);
- vector teb (gluon txiav txim siab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo);
- gravitational teb (graviton tseem yog ib qho kev xav tsis zoo, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev suav, tab sis nws tseem tsis tau pom muaj kev sim);
- Higgs teb (lub Higgs boson tau sim tshawb pom tsis ntev dhau los hauv Loj Hadron Collider, thiab txawm tias tib neeg nyob deb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau zoo siab ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom);
- synchronous motion ntawm atoms ntawm lub lattice ntawm lub cev (phonon).
Schrödinger tus miv thiab Maxwell tus dab
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm quantum ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tseem ceeb: ib ceg tshiab ntawm physics tau tsim. Quantum mechanics, optics, field theory ua rau muaj kev tawg ntawm kev tshawb pom. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau tshawb pom lossis rov sau cov cai. Qhov tseeb ntawm quantization ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau pab piav qhia tias yog vim li cas tus dab Maxwell tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob (qhov tseeb, ntau li peb cov lus piav qhia tau hais tseg). Txawm li cas los xij, Max Planck nws tus kheej tsis lees txais qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom rau lub sijhawm ntev heev. Nws ntseeg tias quantum yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim rau kev ua lej los qhia txog qee yam kev xav, tab sis tsis muaj ntxiv lawm. Ntxiv mus, tus kws tshawb fawb luag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm physicists tshiab. Yog li ntawd, M. Planck tuaj nrog unsolvable, raws li nws zoo nkaus li rau nws, paradoxtxog Schrödinger tus miv. Cov tsiaj nyaum pluag twb ciaj sia thiab tuag tib lub sij hawm, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog. Tab sis txawm tias txoj hauj lwm no muaj ib qho kev piav qhia meej nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm quantum physics, thiab cov kev tshawb fawb hluas nws tus kheej twb dhau mus thoob ntiaj teb nrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab.
