txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog hu txawv los ntawm lo lus "trope". Lub trope yog ib tug rhetorical daim duab, qhia los yog lo lus uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug figurative kev txiav txim siab thiaj li yuav txhim khu lub artistic expressiveness thiab figurativeness ntawm cov lus. Ntau hom ntawm cov nuj nqis no tau siv dav hauv kev sau ntawv, lawv kuj tau siv hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub thiab hais lus. Lub ntsiab hom tropes muaj xws li hyperbole, epithet, metonymy, kev sib piv, piv txwv, synecdoche, irony, litote, paraphrase, personification, allegory. Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog peb hom hauv qab no: kev sib piv, hyperbole thiab metaphor. Txhua qhov kev qhia saum toj no hauv cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug txiav txim siab los ntawm peb.
Metaphor: Definition
Lo lus "metapho" hauv kev txhais lus txhais tau tias "lub ntsiab lus nqa tau", "hloov". Qhov no yog ib qho kev qhia lossis lo lus uas siv los ntawm kev nkag siab tsis ncaj, lub hauv paus ntawm lub trope no yog kev sib piv ntawm ib qho khoom (tsis muaj npe) nroglwm tus raws li qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ib co feature. Ntawd yog, kev piv txwv yog ib qho kev hais lus, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev siv cov lus thiab cov lus nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus piv txwv raws li kev sib piv, zoo sib xws, analogy.
Cov 4 yam hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev no: cov ntsiab lus lossis qeb; ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv pawg no; tus txheej txheem los ntawm qhov uas ib tug muab khoom ua ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj nuj nqi; daim ntawv thov txheej txheem rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb lossis kev sib tshuam nrog lawv.
Ib qho piv txwv hauv lexicology yog kev sib raug zoo uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm qee lo lus polysemantic, uas yog raws li qhov muaj qhov sib xws (ua haujlwm, sab nraud, qauv). Feem ntau qhov trope no zoo li dhau los ua qhov zoo nkauj kawg hauv nws tus kheej, yog li tshem tawm qhov qub, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb.
Type of metaphors
Nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob hom hauv qab no hauv kev tshawb xav niaj hnub piav qhia piv txwv: diaphora (uas yog, sib piv, piv txwv), thiab epiphora (luag, paub).
Ib qho piv txwv nthuav dav yog ib qho piv txwv tau ua tsis tu ncua thoob plaws hauv cov lus tag nrho lossis ib feem loj ntawm nws. Ib qho piv txwv tuaj yeem muab tau raws li hauv qab no: "Kev tshaib kev nqhis rau cov phau ntawv txuas ntxiv: ntau thiab ntau dua cov khoom lag luam ntawm phau ntawv lag luam tig mus rau qhov tsis zoo - lawv yuav tsum muab pov tseg tam sim yam tsis tau sim."
Muaj kuj yog qhov hu ua kev ua piv txwv, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm nrog kev qhia yam tsis xav txog nws qhov xwm txheej. Lwm tuscov lus, zoo li cov piv txwv muaj lub ntsiab lus ncaj qha. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm xws li kev siv yog feem ntau comical. Piv txwv: "Nws poob nws npau taws thiab tau mus rau lub tsheb ciav hlau".
Metaphors hauv kev hais lus zoo nkauj
Hauv kev tsim ntawm ntau yam kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, raws li peb tau hais dhau los, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub trope no, cov kev sib txuas sib txuas uas muaj nyob ntawm ntau yam khoom ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Metaphors raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm expressiveness nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qhib peb kev nkag siab, ua txhaum lub "comprehensibility" thiab automatism ntawm cov narrative.
Hauv kev hais lus zoo nkauj thiab lus, ob qho qauv hauv qab no yog qhov txawv, raws li qhov trope no tau tsim. Thawj qhov ntawm cov no yog ua raws li tus kheej los yog cov animation. Qhov thib ob tso siab rau kev rov ua dua tshiab. Metaphors (cov lus thiab kab lus) tsim raws li thawj tus qauv hu ua personifying. Piv txwv li: "Frost bound the pas dej", "dawb lies", "ib xyoos tau ya los ntawm", "kwj khiav", "kev xav ploj mus", "lub sij hawm tau nres", "dhuav tau daig). ntawm kev phem", "tus nplaig ntawm nplaim taws", "tus ntiv tes ntawm txoj hmoo").
Linguistic thiab tus kheej ntau yam ntawm no trope raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv artistic hais lus. Lawv muab cim rau cov ntawv nyeem. Thaum kawm ntau yam hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog poetic sawv daws yuav, ib tug yuav tsum ua tib zoo soj ntsuam seb tus kos duab piv txwv yog dab tsi. Lawv ntau homtau siv dav yog tias cov kws sau ntawv nrhiav kev qhia txog tus kheej, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej rau lub neej, kev tsim kho lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv romantic tej hauj lwm, nws yog nyob rau hauv metaphorization hais tias tus cwj pwm ntawm sau ntawv rau txiv neej thiab lub ntiaj teb no yog qhia. Hauv philosophical thiab puas siab puas ntsws lyrics, nrog rau cov muaj tiag, lub trope no indispensable raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm ib tug neeg ntawm ntau yam kev paub, raws li zoo raws li qhia lub philosophical tswv yim ntawm tej kws sau paj lug.
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus piv txwv tsim los ntawm cov kws sau paj huam
A. S. Pushkin, piv txwv li, pom cov lus piv txwv hauv qab no: "Lub hli yog creeping", "sad glades", "noisy dreams", cov hluas "slyly advises".
Ntawm M. Yu. Lermontov: suab puam "mloog" Vajtswv, lub hnub qub hais lus nrog lub hnub qub, "lub siab lub ntsws dictates", "lub siab npau taws" coj cwj mem.
F. I. Tyutcheva: lub caij ntuj no yog "npau taws", lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav yog "knocking" ntawm lub qhov rais, "pw tsaug zog" twilight.
Metaphors thiab cov duab cim
Thiab, cov lus piv txwv tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau ntau yam duab. Piv txwv li, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lermontov, lawv tsim cov duab zoo li "xibtes" thiab "pine" ("Nyob rau sab qaum teb qus … "), "sail" (cov paj huam ntawm tib lub npe). Lawv lub ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm ib tsob ntoo ntoo, ib lub nkoj mus rau tus neeg kho siab uas tab tom nrhiav nws txoj hauv kev hauv lub neej, kev txom nyem lossis kev ntxeev siab, nqa nws txoj kev kho siab los ua lub nra. Metaphors kuj yog lub hauv paus ntawm poetic cim tsimnyob rau hauv paj huam ntawm Blok thiab ntau lwm yam symbolists.
Kev sib piv: txhais
Kev sib piv yog trope, lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog qhov piv txwv ntawm qee qhov tshwm sim lossis qhov khoom mus rau lwm qhov ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qee yam tshwj xeeb. Lub hom phiaj ua raws li qhov kev qhia no yog nthuav tawm ntau yam khoom hauv cov khoom muab uas tseem ceeb thiab tshiab rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus hais.
Cov hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm kev sib piv: cov khoom sib piv (uas yog hu ua khoom sib piv), cov khoom (tus piv) uas qhov kev sib piv no tshwm sim, nrog rau ib qho kev sib piv (sib piv, hauv lwm lo lus - " puag ntawm kev sib piv"). Ib qho ntawm qhov txawv ntawm qhov trope no yog qhov hais txog ob qho tib si piv rau cov khoom, thaum lub ntsej muag tsis tas yuav tsum tau qhia txhua. Kev sib piv yuav tsum txawv ntawm qhov piv txwv.
Nkauj Noog Hawj yog ib qho zoo rau cov neeg hais lus.
Yam kev sib piv
Ntau hom kev sib piv muaj. Qhov no yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib piv turnover, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev pab los ntawm unions "tseem", "zoo li yog", "zoo li yog", "raws li". Piv txwv li: "Nws ruam li yaj, tab sis cunning li ntuj raug txim." Kuj tseem muaj cov kev sib piv tsis yog koom haum, uas yog cov kab lus uas muaj qhov sib xyaw nominal predicate. Ib qho piv txwv nto moo: "Kuv lub tsev yog kuv lub tsev fuabtais." Tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm ib lub npe siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv instrumental, piv txwv li, "nws taug kev zoo li gogol." Muaj cov uas tsis lees paub: "Kev sim tsis yog tsim txom."
Kev sib piv hauv cov ntawv nyeem
Sib piv raws li cov txheej txheemsiv dav hauv kev hais lus kos duab. Nrog kev pab los ntawm nws, kev sib piv, kev sib txuas lus, zoo sib xws ntawm tib neeg, lawv lub neej thiab cov xwm txheej ntuj raug nthuav tawm. Qhov kev sib piv yog li txhawb nqa ntau lub koom haum uas tus kws sau ntawv muaj.
Ntau zaus no trope yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke tag nrho, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom cov duab tshwm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Rau Hiav txwv", sau los ntawm Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, tus sau evokes ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv nrog "geniuses" (Byron thiab Napoleon) thiab txiv neej nyob rau hauv general. Lawv raug kho nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib piv. Lub suab ntawm lub hiav txwv, uas tus kws sau paj lug hais tias goodbye, yog muab piv nrog "mob siab" yws ntawm ib tug phooj ywg, "hu" nws ntawm lub sij hawm farewell. Tus kws sau paj huam nyob rau hauv Byron tus cwj pwm pom tib yam zoo uas muaj nyob rau hauv "dawb lub ntsiab": qhov tob, lub hwj chim, indomitability, gloom. Nws zoo nkaus li tias ob lub Byron thiab hiav txwv yog ob tug tsiaj nrog tib yam: kev ywj pheej-hlub, txaus siab, unstoppable, spontaneous, muaj zog-willed.
Kev sib piv hauv pej xeem paj huam
Pob paj huam siv dav siv similes, uas yog similes raws li kev lig kev cai, siv nyob rau hauv tej yam xwm txheej. Lawv tsis yog tus kheej, tab sis muab los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj lossis tus neeg piav dab neeg. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv qauv uas yog yooj yim rov tsim dua nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog qhov teeb meem. Tau kawg, cov kws sau paj huam uas tso siab rau cov dab neeg kuj siv cov kev sib piv ruaj khov hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. M. Yu. Lermontov, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm "Lub Nkauj ntawm cov tub lag luam Kalashnikov" sau hais tias. Vajntxwv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej ntsia "zoo li tus hawk" ntawm lub grey-tis "dav hluas".
Hyperbole definition
Lo lus "hyperbole" hauv Lavxias yog ib lo lus uas txhais tau tias "exaggeration", "ntau", "ntau", "transition". Qhov no yog ib tug stylistic daim duab, uas yog ib tug txhob txwm thiab pom tseeb exaggeration nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim khu kev nthuav qhia thiab hais txog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub tswv yim. Piv txwv li: "peb muaj zaub mov txaus rau rau lub hlis", "Kuv tau hais ib txhiab zaug lawm."
Hyperbole feem ntau ua ke nrog ntau yam khoom siv stylistic, uas nws muab cov xim tsim nyog. Cov no yog cov piv txwv ("yoj sawv zoo li roob") thiab kev sib piv hyperbolic. Qhov xwm txheej lossis tus cwj pwm uas tau piav qhia kuj tseem yuav yog hyperbolic. Qhov trope no kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus, rhetorical style, siv ntawm no los ua cov cuab yeej ua pa, nrog rau kev nyiam romantic, qhov twg pathos yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog irony.
Piv txwv uas siv cov lus Lavxias yog cov lus qhia tis thiab cov kab lus (" xob laim", "ceev li xob laim", " hiav txwv kua muag", thiab lwm yam). Daim ntawv yuav mus ntxiv mus.
Hyperbole hauv Literature
Hyperbole hauv paj huam thiab prose yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm txoj kev no muaj ntau thiab ntau yam. Kev sau ntawv hyperbole yog qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb los taw tes rauqee qhov tshwj xeeb zoo lossis cov khoom ntawm tib neeg, xwm txheej, ntuj tshwm sim, yam. Piv txwv li, tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb ntawm Mtsyra, tus neeg nyiam romantic, tau hais txog nrog kev pab ntawm lub trope no: tus tub hluas tsis muaj zog pom nws tus kheej hauv kev sib tw nrog tsov txaij ua ib tus neeg sib tw sib npaug, ib yam li cov tsiaj qus no.
Y
Properties of hyperbolas
Hyperbole, personification, epithet thiab lwm yam tropes nyiam nyiam cov neeg nyeem. Lub peculiarities ntawm hyperbole yog tias lawv ua rau peb saib tshiab ntawm cov duab, uas yog, xav tias nws qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Kev kov yeej cov ciam teb tsim los ntawm plausibility, endowing tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, khoom, ntuj phenomena nrog "zoo heev", muaj supernatural zog, no trope, siv los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv, hais txog lub conventionality ntawm lub ntiaj teb artistic tsim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv. Lawv qhia meej txog tus neeg siab phem thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm tus tsim ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau qhov kev piav qhia - kev ua kom zoo, "nce" lossis, hloov pauv, thuam, tsis lees paub.
Lub trope no ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv satires, dab neeg, epigrams ntawm cov kws sau paj lug ntawm lub 19th-20th centuries, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub satirical "chronicle" ntawm S altykov-Shchedrin ("Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm lub nroog") thiab nws fairy tales, nyob rau hauv lub satirical zaj dab neeg "Lub plawv ntawm ib tug. Dog" los ntawm Bulgakov. Nyob rau hauv Mayakovsky's comedies The Bathhouse thiab The Bedbug, artistic hyperbole qhia txog comedy ntawm heroes thiab cov xwm txheej, hais txog lawv absurdity thiab vices, ua raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm caricature.duab tas luav.
