Sib piv cov lus Lavxias thiab lus Askiv: kev txheeb xyuas sib piv thiab qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Sib piv cov lus Lavxias thiab lus Askiv: kev txheeb xyuas sib piv thiab qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb
Sib piv cov lus Lavxias thiab lus Askiv: kev txheeb xyuas sib piv thiab qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb
Anonim

Yog tias koj nyuam qhuav pib kawm lus Askiv, ces koj yuav tsum nkag siab qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm koj hom lus thiab txawv teb chaws. Txhawm rau pab txhawb txoj haujlwm no, peb tsab xov xwm yuav sib piv Lavxias thiab Askiv ntawm qib sib txawv. Thiab los ntawm kev paub seb lawv txawv li cas ntawm ib leeg, koj tuaj yeem zam ntau yam kev xav tsis zoo.

hom lus twg zoo dua - Lavxias lossis Askiv?

Ntau tus neeg nug cov lus nug no. Tab sis nws yog thawj zaug tsis raug, txij li txhua hom lus yog qhov nthuav thiab txawv ntawm nws tus kheej txoj kev. Thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov twg "zoo" thiab qhov twg "tsis zoo".

Tom qab koom
Tom qab koom

Lus Askiv yog txawv teb chaws rau ib tus neeg Lavxias. Yog li ntawd, thaum xub thawj ntsib nrog nws, feem ntau ntshai ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab tso tseg kev kawm ntawm thawj theem. Tab sis yog tias peb sib piv ob hom lus tau hais, ces qhov sib txawv uas tshwm sim ntawm yuav luag tag nrho lawv cov qibyuav tsis ntshai koj ntxiv lawm.

phonology yog dab tsi

thawj theem qauv yog phonology. Qhov no yog ib ceg ntawm linguistics uas kawm txog lub suab qauv ntawm ib hom lus. Lub hauv paus chav tsev ntawm theem no yog lub phoneme, uas tshwm sim thiab paub txog lub neej tiag tiag, uas yog hu ua keeb kwm yav dhau.

Sib piv cov lus ntawm qib phonological

Tig mus rau qhov kev sib piv ntawm phonological systems ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab lus Askiv, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias lawv yog tib yam Indo-European hom lus. Qhov no piav qhia lawv qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov tshuab ntawm lub suab thiab consonantism (qhov piv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab rau consonants). Tab sis Lavxias teb sab lus belongs rau East Slavic pab pawg neeg, thiab lus Askiv, nyob rau hauv lem, belongs rau Germanic ib. Thiab qhov ntawd piav qhia lawv qhov txawv.

Cov lus Lavxias yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm hom consonantal, vim nws muaj 36 tus lej thiab tsuas yog 6 tus lej. Thaum nyob rau hauv lus Askiv tus lej ntawm cov consonants thiab vowels yuav luag tib yam: 24 thiab 20.

uas zoo dua
uas zoo dua

Qhov sib txawv tom ntej ntawm qib no yog qhov system ntawm lub suab, uas yog, lub suab ntawm cov lus. Hauv lus Askiv, pawg suab npe tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb chav kawm:

  • diphthongs;
  • monophthongs;
  • triphthongs.

Hauv lus Lavxias, tsuas yog monophthongs tsim ib pawg vowels.

Dab tsi yog lexicology

Cov lus theem tom ntej yog cov lus. Vocabulary yog tag nrho cov lus uas nws siv. Cov ceg ntawm kev hais lus uas cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm cov lus yog hu ua lexicology. Lexicology yog txaus siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus thiab nwsmeaning.

ntau lo lus

thawj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thaum piv cov lexical systems ntawm Lavxias thiab Askiv yog cov lus. Yog tias koj ua qhov no, tso siab rau cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, thiab saib hauv Phau Ntawv Qhia Kev Kawm Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Lavxias, ces koj tuaj yeem suav 150 txhiab lo lus hauv nws. Thaum Oxford English Dictionary yuav qhia ib daim duab ob peb zaug siab dua - 600 txhiab. Tab sis ib tug yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub fact tias cov Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txhais lus muaj xws li cov lus ntawm cov niaj hnub sau ntawv lus. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv suav nrog cov lus ntawm txhua hom lus thiab archaisms (twb tawm ntawm kev sib txuas lus), pib ntawm 1150. Qhov ntawd yog, feem ntau ntawm cov lus qhia no tsis tau siv ntev.

Qhov sib txawv hauv phonology
Qhov sib txawv hauv phonology

Yog cov lus hais ntxiv rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias, tus lej yuav nce mus rau 400 txhiab. Thiab yog tias lwm pawg ntawm cov lus uas siv ua lus Askiv yuav tshwm sim hauv nws, ces daim duab yuav loj dua.

Linguist Mikhail Epshteit hais tias nyob rau xyoo 19th, piv txwv li, tsuas yog kwv yees li 150 lo lus nrog lub hauv paus "kev hlub" tuaj yeem suav, uas qhia txog kev nplua nuj ntawm cov lus Lavxias.

Nkauj hais lus

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muaj kev qhia meej meej ntawm cov lus hais. Yog tias koj siv lo lus tsis muaj ntsiab lus, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim txiav txim siab seb pawg twg nws koom nrog - lub npe, tus cwj pwm, thiab lwm yam. Hauv lus Askiv, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Ntawm no, cov lus tau yooj yim txav ntawm ib feem ntawm kev hais lus mus rau lwm qhov. Piv txwv li:

  • like - like (verb) and similar (adjective);
  • book - phau ntawv (noun) thiabphau ntawv (verb);
  • need - xav tau (verb) thiab xav tau (noun);
Polysemy ntawm cov lus
Polysemy ntawm cov lus

Los ntawm txhua yam peb tuaj yeem xaus tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus Askiv, tsis zoo li cov lus Lavxias, nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Sab nraud ntawm nws, feem ntau nyuaj heev los twv seb qhov kev hais lus txhais li cas.

Polysemy

Polysemy yog polysemy ntawm ib lo lus. Nyob rau hauv no nam ntawm lexicology, cov lus zoo sib xws. Tom qab kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib piv ntawm cov lus Lavxias thiab lus Askiv, nws tau pom tias qhov nruab nrab muaj li 5 lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus, ob qho tib si hauv Lavxias thiab lus Askiv.

Piv txwv li, yog tias peb muab lo lus "tus yuam sij" thiab txiav txim siab tag nrho nws lub ntsiab lus siv hauv cov lus no, ces cov lus Lavxias ntawm lo lus muaj rau lub ntsiab lus, thiab lus Askiv muaj xya. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias hauv ob hom lus no, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus.

qauv qauv qauv

Cov qauv sau ntawv yog ib ceg ntawm kev paub lus uas kawm txog kev hloov ntawm ib lo lus thiab nws ua ke nrog lwm cov lus hauv kab lus. Thaum sib piv Lavxias thiab lus Askiv, ntau qhov sib txawv grammatical tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. Cia wb mus saib lawv.

Endings

Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm nws keeb kwm kev loj hlob, cov lus Lavxias teb sab tau tsim ib tug tej yam txheej txheem ntawm xaus uas yuav tsum tau mus txuas lus nyob rau hauv ib kab lus. Piv txwv li:

  • phau ntawv nyob rau ntawm txee.
  • phau ntawv tsis nyob ntawm txee.
  • Phau ntawv tau pom ntawm lwm lub txee.
grammatical qauv
grammatical qauv

In Englishlus, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm qhov xaus yog ua los ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov lus qhia. Yog li ntawd, thaum tsim ib kab lus ua lus Askiv, cov neeg hais lus Lavxias yuav tsis xav txog kev xaiv qhov xaus. Hauv cov piv txwv saum toj no, phau ntawv yuav ib txwm yog phau ntawv. Tsuas yog cov lus qhia yuav hloov pauv, uas yuav ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov ua piv txwv.

Cov tswv cuab tseem ceeb

Hauv lus Askiv, kab lus tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog grammatically yog yam tsis muaj ob tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb - cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus qhia. Thaum nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ib tug yuav suav ntau txhiab tus kab lus no. Qhov no yog vim tsis muaj qhov xaus hauv lus Askiv. Yog li ntawd, ntawm no cov lus tau muab ua ke nyob ib ncig ntawm lub predicate, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tsis muaj nyob tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus:

  • Kuv yog xib hwb - Russian version.
  • Kuv yog xibfwb (Kuv yog xibfwb) - English version.

lus xaj

Hauv Lavxias, cov lus hauv kab lus tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim, nyob ntawm tus neeg hais lus lub hom phiaj. Tsis muaj ib yam li lus Askiv. Muaj ib qho kev txiav txim kom meej meej uas tsis tuaj yeem ua txhaum cai. Cov txheej txheem classic zoo li no:

  1. Chaw.
  2. Kev ua los ntawm ib tus neeg.
  3. Qhia lub ntsej muag no.
  4. Kev qhia ntawm cov xwm txheej.
lus xaj
lus xaj

Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog kab lus:

Tus noog ntes tau kab hauv vaj

Yog tias koj hloov lo lus txiav txim hauv nws, koj tau txais lub ntsiab lus txawv kiag li:

kab ntes tau noog nyob hauv vaj

ThaumThaum txhais qee kab lus, cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum pib los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab lus. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hauv cov kab lus Lavxias feem ntau pib nrog kev piav qhia ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas qhov kev txiav txim tau tshwm sim.

Kev sib piv ntawm phraseological units ntawm lus Askiv thiab Lavxias teb sab

Phraseology yog ib ceg ntawm kev kawm lus uas kawm tsim cov kab lus. Lwm lub npe rau phraseological units yog idioms. Txhua hom lus muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb phraseological units uas tsis tuaj yeem muab txhais ua lwm yam lus. Yog li, hauv Lavxias muaj idioms:

  • hang nas;
  • tsis muaj vaj ntxwv nyob hauv kuv taub hau;
  • tus plig mus rau pob taws thiab zoo li.

Tsis muaj cov lus piv txwv ntawm cov kab lus no ua lus Askiv. Tab sis nrog kev ua tib zoo sib piv ntawm cov lus ntawm Lavxias thiab lus Askiv, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov zoo sib xws hauv lub ntsiab lus thiab qauv. Piv txwv li:

  • mus ua si nrog hluav taws;
  • hlawv choj;
  • tsis muaj pa taws tsis muaj hluav taws.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv lus Askiv muaj cov lus hais tias, thaum txhais lus, yuav tsis to taub los ntawm tus neeg txawv tebchaws. Xav tau kev piav qhia ntxiv kom nkag siab lawv.

Piv txwv, cov lus nto moo Nws tsis yog kuv khob tshuaj yej. Yog tias koj txhais lus, koj tau txais kab lus "Qhov no tsis yog kuv khob tshuaj yej." Tau kawg, xws li kev txhais lus yuav muaj nyob hauv ib qho ntsiab lus. Tab sis rau feem ntau, cov kab lus yog siv precisely raws li ib tug phraseological chav tsev thiab muaj lub ntsiab lus: "Kuv tsis nyiam qhov no" los yog "Kuv tsis nyiam nws."

Kev sib xyaw ua ke
Kev sib xyaw ua ke

Lwm yam, tsis yogib tug tsawg nrov idiom yog tawm tsam lub moos. Yog tias koj txhais lus, koj tau txais qhov sib xyaw "tiv thaiv lub moos." Yeej, nws tsis tsim nyog. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lus Askiv, lub phraseological chav tsev no muaj lub ntsiab lus: "ua ib yam dab tsi sai heev, nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm."

Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem xaus tias thaum muab cov lus Askiv thiab Lavxias, qhov sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov no. Vim hais tias ob qho tib si hauv ib thiab lwm yam lus muaj cov kab lus ntawm tus kheej uas tsis muaj cov lus txhais ua lwm hom lus.

Txhua yam lus piav qhia ntawm no, peb tuaj yeem hais tias ob hom lus piav qhia txawv ntawm ib leeg, txawm tias lawv yog cov sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg hom lus. Tab sis koj tseem tuaj yeem pom qee qhov sib xws ntawm lawv. Tab sis teb cov lus nug ntawm hom lus twg nyuaj dua - Lavxias teb sab lossis Askiv, yuav muaj teeb meem. Txij li thaum lawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, txhua qhov ua rau nws nyuaj los yog yooj yim rau kev kawm lawv. Tab sis yog tias koj muaj sijhawm los kawm lus Askiv, siv nws.

Pom zoo: